【作者】 张玲玲；

【导师】 张文新；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 人类思维和行为的一个重要特征是指向未来。指向未来的心理结构——未来取向(future orientation)是一个包括多维度、多阶段的心理过程。根据Nurmi从认知-动机角度提出的过程模型,个体的未来取向包括动机(motivation)、规划(planning)和评价(evaluation)三个心理过程。近年来受到发展系统论思想和社会快速变化的影响,研究者对包括未来取向在内的青少年心理社会发展(psychosocial development)特点、机制及其作用的关注日趋增加。目前未来取向领域的研究尚处于描述性阶段,缺乏关于青少年未来取向发展机制的系统研究,而且已有研究主要在西方社会文化背景下进行,缺乏关于我国青少年未来取向发展现状的认识。论文拟在梳理未来取向领域相关理论与实证研究、分析当前青少年未来取向研究存在的问题的基础上,从我国当前青少年发展的特定社会文化背景出发,考察个体发展的微系统——家庭和同伴在青少年未来取向发展中的作用,从人际背景的角度建构青少年未来取向发展机制的理论模型。论文基于发展系统论、未来取向发展的过程模型,以我国当前社会文化背景下的青少年为被试,设计了两项研究、六个子研究。研究1在普通青少年群体中考察了家庭和同伴对青少年未来取向发展的影响。其中研究1-a考察了家庭系统各因素对青少年未来取向发展的影响;研究1-b考察了同伴系统各因素对青少年未来取向发展的影响;研究1-c在前两个子研究的基础上探讨了青少年未来取向的发展与家庭、同伴关系的整合模型。三个子研究均以来自山东省五所初中和五所普通高中初二、高一和高三1834名普通青少年为被试,采用青少年自我报告问卷,其中包括青少年未来取向问卷、父母教养方式问卷、亲子沟通问卷、成就动机朋友群体问卷、问题行为朋友群体问卷、朋友沟通问卷、个人和家庭基本信息问卷。未来取向的测查内容包括:青少年对个人未来教育、职业和婚姻/家庭领域发展的探索、投入以及对相应领域发展所持有的态度;家庭因素的测查内容包括:家庭社会经济地位、父母教养方式、父子沟通和母子沟通;同伴因素的测查内容包括:具有高成就动机的朋友群体、具有问题行为的朋友群体和朋友沟通。研究发现:(1)在青少年未来取向发展的基本特点上,青少年在未来取向发展的不同领域表现出不同的年龄发展模式;女青少年对未来教育的投入多于男青少年、对未来职业的探索少于男青少年,而男青少年对个人未来婚姻/家庭的探索和投入更多,更期盼着实现与个人未来婚姻/家庭有关的目标;城市青少年对未来教育的探索和投入多于农村青少年,而农村青少年对未来婚姻/家庭的投入更多;(2)良好的家庭系统和同伴系统是青少年未来取向发展的保护性因素。较高的社会经济地位、积极的父母教养方式、较多的亲子沟通能够促进青少年对未来教育和职业领域较高的规划水平以及持有乐观的态度;具有较多高成就动机的朋友群体而较少问题行为的朋友群体能够促进青少年对未来教育和职业领域较高的规划水平以及持有乐观的态度,减少对个人婚姻/家庭的规划水平,较多的朋友沟通能够促进青少年对未来教育、职业、婚姻/家庭领域较高的规划水平以及持有乐观的态度;(3)家庭系统既能够直接影响青少年未来取向的发展,又能够通过影响青少年的同伴系统间接起作用;在家庭系统中,家庭社会经济地位既直接影响青少年对未来教育的探索和投入水平,又通过父母教养方式、亲子沟通等青少年发展的近环境间接影响青少年对未来教育和职业的探索与投入水平及相应态度;在同伴系统中,朋友群体特征既直接影响青少年的未来取向,又通过朋友沟通间接起作用;(4)在与探索和投入这两个心理结构的关系上,在青少年发展的成就领域,父母教养方式、朋友群体特征与投入这一心理结构的联系更强,而亲子沟通、朋友沟通与探索这一心理结构的联系更强;在人际领域,朋友群体特征与投入之间的联系更强,朋友沟通与探索之间的联系更强;(5)父子沟通和母子沟通对青少年在成就领域规划和态度的影响因青少年性别的不同而存在差异。总体上,母子沟通对男女青少年未来取向发展的作用更突出,与父子沟通相比,母子沟通与男青少年在成就领域(教育和职业)未来取向发展以及女青少年在职业领域未来取向发展之间的联系更强,但父子沟通与女青少年在教育领域规划之间的联系更强。研究2在处境不利群体中考察了家庭和同伴对青少年未来取向发展的影响,探讨了研究1获得的有关普通青少年未来取向发展的机制在特殊群体中的适用性,研究工具同研究1。其中包括三个子研究:研究2-a以113名城市贫困高中生和作为对照组的148名普通城市高中生为被试;研究2-b以86名单亲家庭青少年和作为对照组的93双亲家庭青少年为被试;研究2-c以69名流动家庭青少年和作为对照组的109名城市普通家庭青少年为被试。结果发现:(1)在未来取向发展的一些方面,处境不利青少年与普通青少年之间存在差异。贫困生对未来教育发展的投入水平低于对照组,而且对未来职业和个人婚姻/家庭发展的态度比较消极;流动家庭青少年比城市普通青少年对未来职业发展的态度消极,对未来婚姻/家庭的规划水平更高;单亲家庭青少年对未来职业的规划水平高于双亲家庭青少年。(2)家庭和同伴因素对三类处境不利青少年在未来成就领域规划和态度的影响较小,而且在未来取向发展的一些方面,不良家庭或同伴背景中的处境不利青少年比相似背景中的普通青少年发展得更好。研究得出以下结论:(1)青少年发展的微系统——家庭和同伴作为一个有机整体影响青少年未来取向的发展;(2)家庭和同伴对青少年未来取向发展的影响具有领域的特定性;(3)处境不利青少年未来取向的发展机制具有特殊性;(4)我国青少年未来取向的发展及其机制具有文化特定性。本论文无论在整体的研究设计还是在具体的研究内容和研究对象方面均是该领域首项系统考察青少年未来取向发展机制的研究,论文在研究的基础上获得了重要的结果和新的发现,对于建构青少年未来取向发展机制的理论模型和指导青少年生涯规划教育均具有重要的理论和实践意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Orientation towards future events or outcomes is an important feature of individuals’thoughts and behaviors. Future orientation, defined as how adolescents anticipate and construct their personal future, is a multidimensional and multistage phenomenon that can be described in terms of motivation, planning, and evaluation. Previous research indicates that adolescents’orientation towards the future is particularly important for many aspects of their development. The development of individual future orientation is a process of socialization. Recently, influenced by the notions of developmental system theories, researchers focus more on the development of adolescents’future orientation in the specific context and its developmental diversity, especially in the contemporary society with rapid social and economic changes. In the last two decades, adolescents’future orientation has received a great deal of attention among developmental psychologists. However, an overwhelming majority of the research in this area was with adolescents in western cultures, and most of studies were descriptive. Studies on the development of Chinese adolescents’future orientation and its’mechanism have been rare. In present thesis, first, a brief introduction was made on the conception and function of future orientation, especially its importance on adolescent’s current and later development. Then a comprehensive review was conducted with regard to the theoretical claims and the important empirical findings. A further analysis was executed focusing on the limitations of previous research. On the basis of these analyses, two related studies were designed to explore the impacts of interpersonal context on adolescent’s future orientation, by which to reveal the mechanism of future orientation with a contextual perspective among adolescents in contemporary China.Study 1 focused on common adolescents to identity the interpersonal-contextual influences on future orientation. Three sub-studies were presented. Study 1-a was designed to explore the relation between family factors and adolescent’s future orientation, Study 1-b was designed to explore the relation between peer factors and adolescent’s future orientation, and Study 1-c was designed to construct the theoretical model of the relation between interpersonal context and adolescent’s future orientation. 1834 Chinese adolescents from five junior high schools and five senior high schools in Jinan City and Yantai City, Shandong Province were employed to complete the questionnaires. Seven self-reported questionnaires were administered, including a modified version of Future Orientation Questionnaire, Parenting Style Inventory, Parent-Adolescent Communication Questionnaire, Questionnaire of Positive Peer Affiliation with High Achievement Motivation, Deviant Peer Affiliation Questionnaire, Questionnaire of Communication with Friends, and familial background (i.e., family structure, family socioeconomic status). The indicators of future orientation included adolescents’exploration and commitment to three life domains, i. e. future education, occupation and marriage/family, and the affects concerning individual development in these three life domains. The indicators of family and peer factors included family socioeconomic status, parenting style, the frequency of communications with father, mother, and friends, positive peer affiliation with high achievement motivation, and deviant peer affiliation.The main findings were as follows:(1) Different developmental patterns were observed for adolescents’future orientation concerning future education, occupation and marriage/family during adolescence. Females reported more commitment to future education and less exploration to future occupation, while males reported more exploration and commitment to future marriage/family, and also more optimistic affects about future marriage/family. Urban adolescents reported more exploration and commitment to future education, while rural adolescents reported greater commitment to future marriage/family.(2) The positive family and peer factors played the protective roles in adolescents’future orientation. Higher SES, more positive parenting, and more communications with parents predicted more exploration and commitment to future education and occupation, as well as more optimistic affects about future development. Affiliation with more high achievement motivation friends and less deviant friends predicted more exploration and commitment to future education and occupation, as well as more optimistic affects, and predicted less exploration and commitment to future marriage/family. More communications with friends predicted more exploration and commitment to all three life domains, as well as more optimistic affects.(3) The impact of family factors on adolescent’s future orientation was partly mediated by peer factors. Among the family factors, higher SES predicted adolescents’more exploration and commitment to future education directly, while parenting and communications with parents as the proximal context for adolescents could mediate the associations between SES and adolescent future orientation concerning future education and occupation. Among the peer factors, the characteristics of peer affiliation predicted adolescents’future orientation directly, while communication with friends could mediate the associations between peer affiliation and adolescent’s future orientation.(4) In the domains of future education and occupation, comparing with exploration, the associations between parenting style, peer affiliation and adolescents’commitment were stronger, while the associations between communications with parents and adolescents’exploration were stronger. In the domain of future marriage/family, the associations between peer affiliation and commitment were stronger, while the association between communications with friends and exploration was stronger.(5) The impacts of father-adolescent communication and mother-adolescent communication on adolescents’future orientation varied by adolescents’gender. In brief, comparing with father-adolescent communication, more mother-adolescent communication predicted more positive development of male’s future orientation concerning future education and occupation, and more positive development of female’s future orientation concerning future occupation, while females who reported more communications with their fathers explored and committed more to future education as compared to males and as compared to females who perceived less communications.Study 2 explored the contributions of family and peer factors to future orientation among social disadvantaged adolescents. Measures used in Study 2 were the same with Study 1. Three sub-studies were designed in Study 2. In Study 2-a, 113 adolescents from poor urban families and 118 common adolescents for comparison were employed. In Study 2-b, 86 adolescents from single-parent families and 93 adolescents from intact families for comparison were employed. In Study 2-c, 69 migrant adolescents from rural areas to urban areas and 109 urban adolescents for comparison were employed. The main findings were as follows:(1) Some differences emerged between disadvantaged adolescents and common adolescents on some aspects of future orientation. Adolescents from poor families reported less commitment to future education and less optimism about future occupation and marriage/family than the comparison. Migrant adolescents reported less optimistic affects about future occupation, and reported more exploration and commitment to future marriage/family than the comparison. Adolescents from single-parent families reported more exploration and commitment to future occupation than those from intact families.(2) Family and peer factors had less effect on some aspects of future orientation among disadvantaged adolescents. Disadvantaged adolescents even reported more positive in the context of negative interpersonal context than common adolescents with the same context in some aspects of future orientation.The conclusions were as follows: (1) Microsystems of family and peer as a system influenced the development of adolescents’future orientation. (2) The effects of family and peers on adolescents’future orientation varied according to the specific life domain. (3) Specific mechanism of the development of future orientation existed among disadvantaged adolescents. (4) The development and mechanism of adolescents’future orientation in contemporary China showed cultural uniqueness.This dissertation project was the first design to explore the interpersonal mechanism of future orientation on the perspective of developmental system among contemporary Chinese adolescents. The findings and conclusions that drew on this dissertation project played an important role on the constructing theoretical model of future orientation and the education on life-span planning.更多还原