全球化背景下的国际劳工标准分析

【作者】 杜晓郁；

【导师】 郭连成；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 国际贸易学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 “劳工标准”是指有关劳工保护的基本法律规则，它是对劳动者的劳动报酬(工资、收入等)、劳动条件(工作时间、安全保护等)、劳动福利(休息、医疗保健、教育、生活待遇等)及其它公民权利(如结社、集会、罢工、言论等自由)所作的规范与要求，本属于国内法的范畴。1919年国际劳工组织成立以来，将本属于国内法的劳工标准推广到国际法的范畴。由国际劳工组织(ILO)所采纳的涉及基本人权、就业、社会政策、劳动管理、工作条件、行业关系、社会保障、妇女地位、童工问题、移民工人、成年工人等185项公约和194项建议书被称为国际劳工标准。国际劳工标准以社会正义为宗旨，以保护劳工权利为目标，但全球化的发展赋予其新的含义。在经济全球化进程中，贸易自由化的发展首当其冲。但是，伴随着贸易自由化的发展，贸易保护主义不断变换花样，关税壁垒逐渐弱化，非关税壁垒日益兴起。继技术性贸易壁垒之后，社会壁垒又涌现出来。社会壁垒的显性表现形式是SA8000的推出，欧美一些发达国家已经开始拒绝来自发展中国家没有通过SA8000认证的企业的出口产品。社会壁垒的根源是国际劳工标准在国际贸易领域的应用，发达国家企图通过贸易限制促使发展中国家尽早提高劳工标准。对此，发达国家与发展中国家之间存在着巨大的分歧。发达国家认为，发展中国家的低劳工标准对发达国家构成了倾销，属于不公平竞争行为，而且发展中国家的低劳工标准有悖于“人道主义”精神。而发展中国家则认为，脱离发展中国家的经济发展水平，强行推出统一的劳工标准，将使发展中国家失去参与国际贸易的比较优势，从而不得不退出国际分工，其实质是贸易保护主义。对我国而言，劳动密集型产业是出口的支柱产业，社会壁垒的出现与应用势必会给我国出口带来沉痛的打击，因此，如何应对社会壁垒成为国际贸易领域面临的重要问题。从另一个角度看，我国劳工标准较低也是不争的事实，建设和谐社会的确需要改进劳工状况。借鉴国际劳工标准的相关规定，提高我国劳工标准，也是一个新的课题。本文将国际劳工标准置于全球化的背景下，从贸易与法律、理论与实证等多个角度进行了多维的分析研究。全文共分为六章，各章的主要内容如下：第一章为导论部分，主要阐明选题的意义、国内外的研究现状以及研究框架与文章的主要观点。第二章是对有关国际劳工标准的评介，主要涉及国际劳工标准的形式、意义以及主要内容。第三章从理论与实证检验两个角度剖析国际劳工标准的本质。一方面，承认劳工标准是保护劳工权益的；另一方面，通过分析发达国家与发展中国家在劳工标准问题上的分歧来揭示发达国家利用国际劳工标准进行贸易保护的事实。最后，分析提高发展中国家劳工标准的有效路径，并认为，贸易限制只会导致发展中国家的劳工陷入更深的贫困，只有实行开放性的贸易政策，进一步推动全球化的进程，才能切实提高发展中国家的劳工标准。第四章将国际劳工标准置于全球化的大背景下进行分析。在分析全球化背景下新贸易保护主义产生的必然性及其特点和经济效应的基础上，重点分析研究了全球化与国际劳工标准的交互关系：全球化构成劳工标准之争的动因；劳工标准之争影响全球化的进程；进一步推动全球化进程是解决劳工标准之争的根本。第五章着重分析国际劳工标准与国际贸易的结合问题。从劳工标准与国际贸易结合的历史入手，归纳了二者结合的特点，并从世界经济发展的现状以及发达国家、发展中国家等多个角度分析劳工标准与国际贸易结合的动因。第六章在阐述劳工标准作为贸易壁垒带给我国的负面影响的基础上，从我国劳工标准的现状入手，分析我国在法律层面和国际贸易等层面存在的问题，从而找到问题存在的原因以及解决的办法。文中提出了“既要看到国际政治、经济中的不利环境，又要坚定对外开放的道路；既要反对单边的国际劳工标准，又要努力提高本国劳工的生活水平”这一辩证对待国际劳工标准的主张。本文的创新点主要体现在：第一，对国际劳工标准进行了客观、公正、实事求是的评析。一方面，承认国际劳工标准具有保护劳工权益的性质，这对发展中国家有值得借鉴的一面，主张以国际劳工标准为目标，提高本国劳工标准；另一方面，又反对发达国家将国际劳工标准与国际贸易挂钩，指出，通过贸易制裁来推动发展中国家达到统一的劳工标准，是不切实际的霸权主义作法，也是贸易保护主义在全球化背景下朝着隐蔽、合理合法的方向发展的一个缩影。发展中国家不能接受单边的国际劳工标准。第二，以全球化为背景，对全球化与国际劳工标准的交互关系进行了有独创性的分析。全球化不仅作为劳工标准之争的背景存在，而且其本身构成了发达国家与发展中国家在劳工标准问题上产生分歧的动因，而就此产生的争论与摩擦又构成了阻碍全球化进程的因素。要彻底解决这一争端，真正提高发展中国家的劳工标准，只能通过进一步深化全球化来实现。因此，全球化与劳工标准之间构成了错综复杂的交互性关系。第三，采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的方法，对劳工标准的性质进行辨析，并通过对发达国家观点的剖析，揭示了其提出的国际劳工标准是单边的，提出的目的并不是出于“人道主义”、“公平竞争”的考虑，而是在本国利益的驱动下，采取的贸易保护政策。第四，对于我国遭遇劳工标准的现实进行了理性分析。基于我国劳工标准的制定和执行中的不力状况，以及劳工标准低下的事实，总结出我国劳动保障以及国际贸易领域存在的问题并提出了应对策略。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Labor standards" refer to the basic rules to protect the workers. The labor standards regulate the workers’ payments (salaries and incomes, etc.), the working conditions (working time and safety, etc.), the welfare system (rest, medical care, education and living benefits, etc.) and other civil rights (the freedom of organizing, meeting, striking and speech). International Labor standards usually refer to the pacts and suggestions adopted by the ILO (the International Labor Organization). Nowadays, the ILO has adopted 185 pacts and 194 suggestions concerning the issues on the basic human rights, employment, social policy, labor management, working conditions, industrial relations, social security, woman’s rights, child labors, immigrant workers and adult workers, etc. The international labor standards’ basic idea to protect social justice and to achieve the goal to protect the labor’s rights has been augmented by the development of the globalization.The accelerated development of trade liberalization is the first result of globalization. However, with the development of the trade liberalization, the behavior trade protectionism is changing, namely the weakening of tariff barriers and the strengthening of non-tariff barriers. Behind the technical barriers to trade, there come the social barriers to trade. The revealed form of social barriers is the SA8000, and without achieving the standards of which the goods from developing countries will not be allowed to enter some of the developed countries in Europe and America. The root of the social barriers is the application of the international labor standards in the area of international trade, and with the "stick" of trade restriction, the developed countries try to force the developing countries to improve their labor standards. As regards to this issue, there is a big gap between the developed countries and the developing countries. The developed countries consider the low labor standards in the developing countries leading to the dumping of goods, which violates the principle of fair competition and against the spirits of humanitarianism. While the developing countries deem it trade protectionism by generalizing labor standards without regarding the developmental stages of the developing countries, which will ultimately deprive the comparative advantages of the developing countries and drive them out of the international division of labor.As to China, the emergence of the social barriers to trade must affect adversely our countries’ export seriously, because the labor-intensive industry is a pillar industry in our export sector. So, how to deal with the social barriers to trade becomes a very important issue in the area of international trade. However, looking at the issue from a different angle, we find the low labor standards are an indisputable fact in contemporary China, and we need to make a change to these and to improve the living conditions of the labors so as to contribute to the building of a harmonic society. In this view, how to use the international labor standards as a reference to improve our country’s labor standards becomes a new task.The thesis put the international labor standards against the background of globalization and systematically studies it from angles of trade, law and empirical cases. The thesis consists of six chapters, and main content of each chapters are as follows:The first chapter is an introduction, which sets forth the significance of the topic, the status of the study at home and broad, the research framework and the main opinions of the thesis.The second chapter introduces the basic knowledge of the international labor standards, namely the origin, the meaning and the main content of the international labor standards.The Third chapter studies the labor standards normatively. First, the thesis sets forth the different opinions on the labor standards between developed countries and developing countries. Second, I explore the essence of the international labor standards theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, I agree that the nature of labor standards is to protect the labor rights. On the other hand, I disclose the fact that the developed countries are abusing the nature of labor standards using it as an excuse to practise trade protectionism. Lastly, by analyzing the effective methods to improve the labor standards of developing countries, I point out that the trade restriction will only bring more troubles to the workers in the developing countries and only by adopting free trade and pushing forward the globalization process would the labor standards be improved in the long run.The forth chapter puts the analysis of the international labor standards against the background of globalization. On the basis of the analysis of the inevitability of the emergence of the new trade protectionism and its features and economic effects, I emphasize the analysis on the reciprocal relationship between the globalization and international labor standards: globalization is the cause of the disputes on the labor standards; the disputes on the labor standards affect the process of the globalization inversely; to push forward the globalization process is the ultimate way to solve the disputes.The fifth chapter analyzes the combination of labor standards and international trade. I analyze the features of the combination from a historical perspective. And I also analyze the causes of the combination from the angle of the status of the development of the world economy, the developed countries and developing countries.The sixth chapter first analyzes the adverse effects of the labor standards as a barrier to trade, then finds out the causes and solutions to the issue by analyzing the legislative and international trade-related problems of our country’s current labor standards problems. I argue dialectically that "we should not only recognize the adverse international political and economic circumstances, but also adhere to the open-door policy; we should not only fight the unilateral international labor standards, but also try our best to improve living conditions of the labors in our country."The innovations of the thesis are as follows:①The objective, justice, practical and realistic view on the international labor standards. I recognize that the international labor standards, by its nature, is to protect the labor rights, hence it could be useful criteria for the developing countries to improve their labor standards; Meanwhile, I oppose the practice to link the international labor standards to the international trade, pointing out that it is an unrealistic hegemonic practice to use trade sanction to unify the international labor standards, which is an epitome of practice of concealing and legitimatising the trade protectionism against the background of globalization. So, the developing countries should fight against this practice and never accept the unilateral international labor standards.②The analysis of interaction of globalization and international labor standards in this article is very unique. Globalization is not only the background of disputes of labor standards but also the cause of the disputes between the developed countries and the developing countries, and these very disputes are the factors blocking the process of the globalization. And most importantly, to solve the problem downrightly and improve the labor standards of the developing countries can only rely on the deepening of the globalization. Hence, the globalization and labor standards form a very complex and reciprocal relationship.③In the process of analyzing the nature of the labor standards, the author combines the theoretical and empirical method to refute the developed countries’ opinion accordingly, disclosing the unilateral nature of their labor standards which are not based on the humanitarianism and fair competition but motivated by the narrow national interests to practise trade protectionism. ④The author analyzes rationally the international labor standards coming up against us, recognizing the weakness in setting down and enforcing the labor standards and the fact of low labor standards in China so as to summarize the problems in field of China’s labor security and international trade.更多还原