【作者】 何永军；

【导师】 左卫民；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 中国共产党自井冈山建立革命政权时起，就有了自己的政法工作，并逐步形成了自己的司法传统，即人民司法传统。那么在社会转型时期，人民司法传统的命运如何?我们应当如何对待人民司法传统?文章围绕这一主题考察了1978～2005年人民法院建设的历程，展现了人民司法传统由中断→恢复与发展→部分断裂→部分复兴的历史际遇，从而为理解和把握中国社会转型及其权威与秩序的重建提供了一条新的路径。中华人民共和国成立后，各地人民法院迅速建立起来，发端于革命根据地时期的人民司法的原则与技术也在全国得到践行。但在1950～1970年代革命仍然是中国社会的主旋律，“革命的群众运动是不完全依靠法律的”，“无产阶级专政下继续革命”的社会更是一个趋于“无诉”的社会，文革初期各级人民法院被“造反派”们给“砸烂”了，人民司法的传统也被中断。文革结束后经过劫后余生的革命元老派们的殊死斗争，冲破“两个凡是”的束缚，抛弃“以阶级斗争为纲”和“无产阶级专政下继续革命”的口号，实现全党工作着重点的转移。平反冤假错案，摘掉五类人的“帽子”，落实各方面的政策，最终抹平了人与人之间不平等的政治身份。而“有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究”的提出，使中国社会的治理方式发生了重大转型：由“全面专政”开始转移到“综合治理”上来。而在1980年代之初，平反冤假错案和实施新法，最终把人民法院建设推上了快车道，因为人民法院再不是处于那种“有事办政法，无事办生产”的闲散状态，而是有堆积如山的冤假错案需要复查，有新的法律正义需要实现，从而使一个人民法院人、财、物全面建设的时代降临。而面对如何进行法院建设的问题，记忆和惯习使人们不假思索的在文革后召开的第一次全国司法工作会议(即第八次全国司法工作会议)上提出了全面恢复人民司法传统的主张，使包括“服从党的领导”，“为党和国家的中心工作服务”、“走群众路线”、“实事求是、有错必纠”、“德才兼备”等在内的人民司法传统及其相关技术得以恢复。当然在人民司法传统恢复的过程中，也包含了对其的改造与发展，例如虽仍坚持服从党的领导，但沿袭了近三十年的党委审批案件制度被毅然取消；虽仍强调司法要为中心工作服务，但服务的内容却已与以前大不一样，具有了为改革开放、经济建设保驾护航等新的内容；虽仍坚持走群众路线，但邀请群众参加公审和法庭辩论等形式消失；虽仍坚持实事求是、有错必纠的原则，但其制度化和司法化的程度得到加强，而其行政化的色彩已被削弱；虽在选拔司法干部时仍坚持德才兼备的原则，但其具体标准已由原来的“又红又专”发展为“革命化、年轻化、知识化和专业化”。但在“放权让利”的改革过程中，中国逐步由总体性社会过渡到后总体性社会，与国家退却相伴而行的是整个社会的日趋碎片化，全国绝大多数基层政权软弱涣散，局部社会重新陷入“一盘散沙”的状态，人们相互之间变成了缺乏关联的原子，社会处于失范状态。道德、信仰和舆论等非正式社会控制手段衰落了，而原来解决人民内部矛盾的第一、二道防线的功能也呈现出弱化的趋势。一方面，社会矛盾与纠纷急剧增加；另一方面，由于社会资本和基层权威的缺乏，社会已不可能像以前那样能够消化和压制住绝大多数纠纷，矛盾最终只能留给法院去解决。当大量的纠纷涌入法院，不堪重负的法院除了进行改革——改变自己的工作和行为方式外别无它法。司法人员由全能的“慈母”开始向冷漠的“官僚”转变，由对实质正义的关切转为主要关心形式上的程序合法性，司法的实质正义被削弱，人民司法传统出现了部分断裂，中共执政的合法性也因此受损。而与此同时，在社会新旧结构和治理方式交替的间隙，由于独立司法缺乏充分保障，致使人民法院深深陷入地方保护主义、执行难和司法腐败的泥潭。这一切导致人民法院处境十分尴尬：一方面由于其实质正义被削弱，使其失去了那些固守着传统实质正义观念的民众的认同；另一方面刚刚完善起来的法律程序其价值又被地方保护主义和司法腐败等凿空，公开审判流于形式，人民法院面临严重的合法化超载问题，司法不但难以完成为整个政治系统提供合法性支持的使命，而且自身还遭遇到空前的合法性危机。为了克服危机，重新赢得民众对司法的认同，奠定司法坚实的合法性基础，从而增强自身执政的合法性，中共在意识形态创新、优化司法环境及运行机制、树立司法人员良好形象、防治司法腐败、开展司法救助等方面进行了一系列的努力。由于在坚持“以法治国”的同时及时提出了“以德治国”的主张，并大力践行“公正与效率”世纪主题和“司法为民”的宗旨，从而使在新的社会情景下人民司法传统出现了部分复兴的迹象，中共执政的合法性根基又得以巩固。而在此过程中，中国共产党也探索出了德治与法治并举的人民法院建设之路：一方面努力提高司法者的品德修养，发扬共产党人特有的无私奉献精神，使司法者在为人民服务的宗旨下尽可能地发挥其积极作用，努力做到法律效果与社会效果相统一，使案件的处理结果尽可能地接近实质正义，真正做到“案结事了”；另一方面厉行法治，努力完善和认真执行法律，用法律来规范和约束权力，使司法具有法理上的合法性基础，凭借正当的法律程序来保障案件的处理结果具有合法性，以获得一般民众的认同。在中国法治国家建设的过程中，人民司法传统的存续已经面临并将继续遭遇挑战，但司法历来是中国共产党合法性再生产的重要场域，人民司法传统也是中国共产党执政的重要合法性资源，其命运是与中国共产党及中国社会主义的命运联系在一起的，故只要中国还是共产党执政，中国还搞社会主义，人民司法的精神就不会完全消亡，其传统理念与技术就会以新的形式得以延续。而在“依法治国与以德治国紧密结合”思想指导下，在未来的法治中国，虽然法理型权威将处于主导地位，但在现实社会生活中传统型权威和超凡魅力型权威仍将扮演重要角色。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the Jing Gang Mountains Revolutionary Base was established, the CCP has its own political and law affairs and gradually developed its own judicial tradition, namely people’s judicial tradition. Facing the overall transition of present Chinese society, what about the fortune of the people’s judicial tradition? How shall it be treated? The paper investigates the course of the people’s court construction from 1978-2005 and demonstrates the history of the people’s tradition with four periods: totally break, overall revive, partially erode and then partially renew. Thus provides a new way to reflect the Chinese society transition course and the reestablishment of its authority and order.Since the People’s Republic of China was founded, the courts nationwide were established. At the same time, the principle and technology of the people’s judicial emerged during the period of the revolutionary base were also practiced all over the whole country. However, the main task of China was revolution from the 1950s to the 1970s."The revolutionary mass campaigns were not completely depended on the law." "The society where continued revolution in the condition of proletarian dictatorship was even one without any litigation." At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the courts were destroyed by "the anti-revolutionists" and the people’s judicial tradition was also broken. Those revolutionists who survived the Cultural Revolution struggled to get rid of "two directives", give up the "taking class struggle as the key link" and "continued revolution in the condition of proletarian dictatorship", thus making the shift of our party’s working focus realized. Injustice, false and wrong cases were corrected, getting rid of the unequal political status among the people." We practiced the judicial principle." We must obey the law, or we will be punished by the law" which made the great change in the administration of Chinese society: from "complete dictatorship" to "comprehensive administration." But at the beginning of the 1980s, dealing with the unjust, false and wrong cases and practicing the new law put the people’s courts on the rapid way. Because the courts were no longer in the turbulence of "making the case or producing", but there were a lot of unjust, false and wrong cases which needed to be solved by the courts, and there were new law justice which needed to be realized. The time which needed the construction of the people’s court in the staff, materials and finance was coming.Facing the problem: How to construct the people’s court, the memory and convention reminded us of the suggestion which is to recover all the people’s judicial tradition mentioned in the First National Judicial Congress after the Cultural Revolution (Which that is the 8^th National Judicial Congress) without any hesitation. Such suggestions included "obey the party’s leading", "Serve the Party and country," "stick to the Mass Line", "Fact is the truth "so as to recover the people’s judicial tradition and technology. The course of recovering the people’s judicial tradition also included its changes and development. For example, although stick to the party’s leading, the convention that the party’s committee had the decisive right on the case which was practiced for about 30 years had been abandoned. Although the Mass Line was still popular, the convention of inviting the majority to take a part in the court judging disappeared. Although sticking to the fact, the judicialization had been intensified and its administrative color had been reduced. Although the knowledge and good virtue were very important to the judicial carders, the concrete standard had been shifted from both red and professionally specialized to "revolutionization, young, intellectualization and specialization."But in the course of reform of "giving up power, giving up the profits", China had gradually shifted from comprehensive society to after-comprehensive society. Part of the society was like "a pan of sand". The society was in an anomic situation. Such informal social control methods as virtue, belief has been declined, but the function of solving the people’s inner contradiction was also reduced. On the one hand, social contradiction and disputes were increasingly intensive. On the other hand, lacking of social capital and basic authority, the society has on longer solved many disputes. Under such situation, contradiction could only be judged by the court finally. Confronted with so many cases, there was not only way for the court to choose, it hadto reform_<sub><sub>change its own working behavior. The judicial staff changed from "thelovely mother" to "the cool bureaucrats", focusing on from the substantive justice to procedural justice. The substantive justice has been reduced, the people’s judicial tradition had a partially break, the legalization of the CCP’s ruling was also destroyed. At the time of the structure and ruling method of society changing , lacking the protection of the independent judicial , the people’s court was involved in the local protectionism, difficulty in enforcement and rotten judicial , its situation was very embarrassed. On the hand, because of the people’s court’s substantive justice didn’t acknowledge it any more. On the other hand, the value of the new law procedure are minimized by the local protectionism, difficulty in enforcement and the corruption of judicial members, and the open trial was left merely a form . The people’s court was facing the serious legitimacy problem. The judicial not only couldn’t finish the task that provided legitimacy to the whole political system, but also faced the legitimacy crisis itself. To overcome the crisis, get the majority’s acknowledgement, found the firm base of legitimacy, thus making its legitimacy in enforcement enhanced, the central government took such measures as creating the ideology, improving the judicial surroundings and its running system, establishing a good image of the judicial workers, protecting the judicial justice and providing the judicial help. Sticking to run. the country by the rule of law and run the country by the virtue, practicing the topic "the justice and rate" and "justice for people" the people’s judicial got its second life, the legitimacy of the central government’s policy had been intensified. At the same time, the central government found a new way to construct the people’s court in which the government not only could run the country by the law, but also could run the country by the virtue: on the one hand, the central government made great efforts to promote the judicial workers’ virtue , display the CCP’s members’ spirit of selflessness , thus making the aim of justice for people played an active role, the law fruit being the same with the social fruit, the outcome of the case being near to the substantive justice. On the other hand, the central government enforced the law carefully, using the law to normalized and limit the power, thus making the judicial having a legitimacy base in theory. At the same time, the outcome of the case got the majority’s acknowledgement by using the just judicial procedure in the course of solving the case.During the course of constructing the country which being run by the law, the existence of the people’s judicial is always the important field for the legitimacy of the CCP, and the people’s judicial tradition is always the important resource for the policy of the CCP, its fate is closely related to that of the CCP and Chinese socialism. As long as China is leaded by the CCP and China is still on the socialism road, the spirit of the people’s judicial will not extinct, and its traditional view and technology will continue. Under the thought to combine into of law with rule of morals, although the law theory authority will dominate in China which is run by the law, the traditional authority and chrismal authority will still play a very important role in China.更多还原