武术释义

【作者】 李印东；

【导师】 朱瑞琪；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 民族传统体育， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 伴随华夏五千年文明,武术曾在中华民族史上起到非常之作用。它荟萃着中华先民的生存之道,汲取中国传统哲学养分而逐步形成绚丽多彩的文化体系,成为中国古代特有的文化现象。自鸦片战争后,军事武艺在战争中逐步为火器所取代,民间武术则延其自身的规律发生着演化。19世纪20、30年代的“土洋体育”之争最终导致了武术自身的历史转折。在西方体育科学化的推动下,武术以全新的面貌加入中国现代体育的行列,并以自身的特色深受世界其他民族的喜爱。然而,随着当代中国体育的快速崛起,武术发展中出现的不可调和矛盾越发凸现。理论的困惑和现实中矛盾迫使我们追思这样一些问题:武术的本质究竟是什么?武术实践中各种困惑的根源在那里?武术将何去何从?“考世系,知终始”。这是《三字经》中的一句话,也就是说要想知道未来,必须了解过去。要回答上述问题,就要在断崖残壁的历史尘封中,细心地勾勒出武术文化发展的历史脉络,并抽象出武术发展的动力机制和演化规律。本文从武术本质入手,运用逻辑学和历史实证方法,大胆借鉴现代文化学、社会学研究的成果,通过分析、比较历史史料,“大胆假设,小心求证”,逐步形成以武术概念为逻辑起点、以功能价值体系为构架、以个人、群体和整个民族三个层次对武术需求点的研究理论体系,以求能达到“描述武术过去、解释武术现在和预测武术将来”的目的。本文的研究包括以下几个方面:首先,武术概念阐释。一个定义即是过去认识的总结,过去知识的概括,同时也是继续深入认识的起点、再获得新知识的开端。现代武术已经成为中华民族体育的重要组成部分,因此,根据这一现实,我们将武术定义分为广义概念和狭义概念。广义武术概念:武术,亦称‘武艺’、‘功夫’,旧称‘国术’,是以技击为内容,以身心练习为基本手段,中华民族传承的个人防卫实践活动。狭义武术概念:武术又称武术运动,是在继承传统武艺基础上形成的以技击动作为主要内容的民族体育项目,表现为套路、对抗等多种运动形式。“一门科学提出的每一种新见解,都包括着这门科学的术语革命”。上述概念是在详细考察武术产生的历史动因、武术文化的历史传承性、武术与体育的逻辑关系、武术本质问题的哲学思辨中孕育并提出的。新概念第一次摆脱陈旧观念的束缚,力求还原武术的历史真实。第二,武术功能价值体系的研究。“在解释一个社会现象的时候,我们必须区别这一现象的充分原因和这一现象所发挥的功能”。武术的功能价值具有结构的复杂性、多样性和层次性的特征。依据组成社会的个人、群体和整个民族对武术不同价值的取向,本文认为:防卫功能决定武术的历史存在;体育化是当代社会对武术发展的要求;武术的健身需求使近代武术功能价值的重心发生转移;武术文化是武术价值的核心,是民族传统文化的继承与传播的纽带;教育是实现武术价值的根本途径和归宿。以个体间格斗为特征的武术早于军事产生。随着社会分工的深化和私有制产生,阶级社会出现。早期的武术为后来军事的形成提供了原始兵器、格斗技术和人员的物质基础。冷兵器时代,武术与军事武艺相互交融与渗透,两个方向相互促进且并行不悖。随着战争规模的扩大和战争形式的改变,集团化的军事与个人防卫技艺的武术产生分野;随着火器在军事上的普遍使用,军事武艺退出了战争的历史舞台。随着工业文明和法制社会的到来,民间传统武术逐步失去了赖于生存和传播的土壤。武术体育化是时代的选择、历史的选择。作为民族传统文化的一个部分,批判地继承并弘扬武术文化是我们武术工作者义不容辞的责任。弘扬武术并不等同于借助“发展”、“改革”、“创新”来否定传统武术。考察武术文化起源必须在武术与社会各方面所发生的各种关系中进行。武术文化由武技与武理技术文化层、武术行为文化层、武术心态文化层三个层次。武技与武理技术文化层是由有技击内涵的身体动作及其动作的基本原理组成。人们从事武术实践,在人际交往中约定俗成的习惯定势构成武术行为文化层,具体体现为武德。武术的心态文化层则是中华民族在从事武术社会实践和意识活动中,长期絪蕴化育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等。这是武术文化的核心部分。武术的教化功能主要体现在武德中。做为武术的有机组成部分的武德本身有自成一体的道德教义体系,具有德育功能。武德中提倡的忠、义、信、刚、毅、勇、诚的精神信念,和仁、宽、恕、礼、让的行为准则,对现代中国具有极高的教育价值。“文以泽心,武以观德”。武术练习的长期、艰苦磨砺习武者超常的恒心和毅力;武术培养忠信的为人品格。习武本意首在保家,而当宗族、民族遭遇危难之时,这种保家的动机就会升华为捍卫民族尊严,维护祖国利益的国家意识。武术史上涌现出众多不屈不挠、以身殉国的英雄人物,谱写出惊世骇俗的伟大壮举。由此,武术人也形成了爱祖国、爱民族、重大节的优良传统。各武术流派也都有“爱国主义”的文化自觉。武德教育对于解决当前“德育失灵”和由“诚信”缺失引发的普遍社会道德失范有其独特作用。武德教育的实践性特征体现了“知行合一”,它将武德所蕴含的丰富理念,融入于武术实践的过程中。既有形而上的“道德理念”,又有形而下的“道德戒律”,形成了至下而上的理论与实践相结合的道德体系。这正是武德教育在当代社会德育中的优势之所在。“人无礼则不生,事无礼则不成”。武“礼”是实现武德教育的重要途径,忽视对习武者武“礼”的要求,“武德”教育也就无从谈起。第三,武术发展战略分析。社会需求决定社会存在。武术的发展一刻离不开社会现实。当今中国是一个“努力实现中华民族伟大复兴”的中国,是一个追求“和谐社会”的中国,更是一个“发展中的充满机遇与挑战”的中国。通过对武术历史地位成因分析与民族盛衰危亡关系,探讨武术在当代社会的作用,揭示武术与当代中国社会发展之间的内在联系。武术是中华民族精神的集中体现。诚信守义、厚德载物、自强不息、爱国保家、勤劳勇敢的价值正是武术所倡导的。武术文化内涵极为丰富,是中华民族优秀传统文化的代表,是中华民族不可多得的精神财富。无论是对具有独立人格的人的塑造,民族精神的培植、还是和谐社会的构建,武术都有其价值。它必将为中国和谐社会的构建、凝聚民族精神和实现国家复兴发挥独特作用。武术的科学发展观要遵循这样一个原则:继承优秀传统、剔除封建糟粕、吸纳科技成果、加强文化研究、竞技带动普及、重在教育育人、立足服务社会、依托经济保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 Always presenting itself in the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, Wushu has played a very special role in the Chinese national history. It consists of the Chinese ancestors’priciples of life and also the essence of the Chinese traditional philosophy and thus it became a very complicated and diversified system and a special cultural phenomenon in the chinese history. After the Opium War, the military marsial arts was gradually taken place by the firearms in the war, however, Wushu developed on its own track among folks. In the 1920s and 1930s, due to the streaming in of the western athletics, there was a debate named as“the national athletics vs the foreign athletics”, which was the turing point in the development of Wushu. Under the influence of the scientization of the western athletics, Wushu joined the Chinese modern athletics with the new features and is loved by people all over the world. Nevertheless, with the fast rising of the contemporary Chinese athletics, the problems aroused from the unreconcilable conflicting forces in the Wushu development have become more and more serious. The predicaments in theory and the conflicts in reality forces us to meditate over such questions as: What is the innate character of Wushu? What is the root of those predicaments in the practice of Wushu? How will Wushu develop in the future?“Ascertain the history and you’ll know the something thoroughly”. This is a saying from < Three Word Canon >, which means that if you want to predict the future, you must know about the past. To answer the questions above, we must try to find out carefully how Wushu culture has developed from the unadequate historical records and summarize the dynamic force and evolution laws in Wushu development. This essay begins from the study of Wushu’s innate character, and by making use of the logical and historical demonstrative method, by referring to the achievements of the modern cultural and social study, by analyzing and comparing the historical records, by "making bold assumptions and careful verification", we can gradually form a theoretical system which takes the term“Wushu”as the logical starting point, the function-value system as the frame, and the individual, the communal and the national levels as the basis of the needs for Wushu. In this way, I try to reach the aim of“describing the past, explaining the present and predicting the future of Wushu”.The essay consists of the following parts:First, the definition of the term“Wushu”. A definition is both the summary and generalization of what we know in the past and the starting point of further study and of acquiring new knowledge. Now Wushu is the part of the chinese modern sports. According to this fact, I has divided the concept of Wushu into the broad sense one and narrow sense one. ( the broad sense one)Wushu ,which was named as“Military arts”,“Kongfu”or“National arts”,is the individual defence activity which takes the fighting skill as the contents of practice, the body and mind training as the basic methods and which was handed down from generation to generation in the Chinese history. ( the narrow sense one) Wushu ,which also was named as Wushu sports, is a national sports game which come from the traditional military arts and take the fright skill as the contents. Its forms show as Routing and Sanda etc.“Every new idea in any field of study will bring a revolution of the terms in this field”. This new definition is made on the basis of a careful investigation of the history of Wushu, of the succeeding of Wushu cultural, of the logical relationship between Wushu and sport, and of the philosophy of Wushu innate character. The new definition for the first time gets rid of the fetters of the old concepts and tries to restores a historical truth for Wushu.Second, the research of the function-value system of Wushu. "When explaining a social phenomena, we must distinguish the adequate reason of the phenomenon from the function of the phenomenon". The function-value system of Wushu has the features of complexity, variety and multi-levelness. According to the different values of Wushu evaluated by the individuals, communities, and the whole nation, this essay concludes: The defence function determines the existence of Wushu in history; The contemporary society requires that Wushu convert into sport; The need of body-training in Wushu has changed the barycenter of the function-value system of Wushu; Wushu culture is the core value of Wushu and the bond of the inheritance and spread of the traditional and national culture; Education is the fundamental method and the destination of realizing the value of Wushu.Wushu, which characterizes in fighting among individuals, emerged earlier than the military groups. With the sophistication of the social divisions of the laborers and the appearance of the system of the private ownership, the class society came into being. Wushu in its early period provided the material fundations for the military groups which appeared later, such as the primitive weapons ,fighting skills and the warriors. In the cold weapon age, Wushu and military groups mingled and penetrated each other with the two forces running in parellel without conflicts. With the expansion of the scale and the changes in the form of war, Wushu and the military groups were separated. After the firearms were commonly used in the war, the military martial arts retreated from the battlefields.With the coming of the industrial civilization and the the legal society, the traditional folk Wushu lost the soil for existing and spreading. The conversion of Wushu into sport is the choice of the epoch and the choice of the history. It is the non-shirkable duty for the workers in the field of Wushu to critically inherit and spread Wushu culture which is a part of the traditional and national culture. However, in the process of spreading Wushu through“developing, reforming and innovating”we do not deny the traditions in Wushu.The Investigation of the origin of Wushu culture must be based on the relationships between Wushu and other social aspects. Wushu culture has three cultural levels including the technique cultural level, the behavior cultural level and the psycology cultural level. The technique cultural level consists of body actions which can be used in fighting and their basic principles. People who took part in Wushu practice formed the behavior cultural level on the basis of the aquiesced model of behavior. The behavior cultural level manifests itself in Wushu morality. The psycology cultural level of Wushu includes value concepts, beauty appreciation, and thinking manner which were formed in the long history of Wushu practice. This is the core of Wushu culture.The educational function of Wushu lies mainly in Wushu morality. Wushu morality as a organic part of Wushu has its own moral and doctrine system and has the function of moral education. The spirits and beliefs advocated in Wushu morality such as loyalty, righteousness, faith, toughness, determination, braveness, honest etc and the standards for behavior such as benevolence, tolerance, forgiverness, politeness, modesty, etc. have a great educational value in modern China.“Literature can train your intelligence, and Wushu can train your morality.”The long time and the toughness in practicing Wushu make people extremely persistent and fortitudinous and also educate people to be loyal and faithful. The original purpose of practicing Wushu is to protect home, but when the nation is facing danger, this motivation of protecting home will be sublimated into the national conciousness of defending the national dignity and protecting the interest of the motherland. There were many heros who were unyielding and devoted their lives to the country and their heroic undertaking shocked the world. Therefore, people who practice Wushu formed the good traditional of devotion to the nation and to the people. Every school of Wushu has the cultural consicousness of“patriotism”.Wushu moral education has a special function in solving the problems of the general vacancy of morality which is caused by the failure of moral education and the lacking of sincerity and faith in the modern society. The practice of Wushu moral education which accords to“the combination of theory and practice”includes the abundant ideas in Wushu morality into its practice. It consists of not only the“moral concepts”but also the“moral rules”and these formed a moral system which combines theory and practice. This is exactly the advantage of Wushu moral education in the moral education of the contemporary society. "Without etiquette a man is inhuman; without etiquette nothing can be done". Wushu“etiquette”is a important way of realizing Wushu moral education. Neglecting the requirement of Wushu "etiquette" of the Wushu practicers, Wushu moral education can never be done.Third, Wushu developing strategy analysis. The social need decides the social existence. Wushu development can can never be separated from the social reality. The modern China is a nation which is "seeking revival of the Chinese nation", trying to form a“harmonious society", and facing both the opportunity and challenge in the development. Through the analysis of the reason for the historical status of Wushu, we try to analyze the relationship between Wushu and the fate of the nation, discuss the function of Wushu in the contemporary society, and reveal the innate relationship between Wushu and the social development of modern China. Wushu is the exact embodiment of the Chinese national spirit. The values such as trustworthiness, virtue, unremitting efforts, patriotism, hard-working and braveness are exactly what Wushu advocats.The content of Wushu culture is extremely abundant. Wushu is the representitive of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. No matter for molding independent personality of the individuals, the implantation of the national spirit, or for setting up the harmonious society, Wushu has its own special value. It will play a special role in the aspects mentioned above.The scientific view of Wushu development would follow such a principle: Inherit the excellent tradition, get rid of the feudal scum, refer to the scientfic achievements, enhance the cultural research, promote Wushu through competition, focus on education, aim at serving the society, rely on the economic guarantees.更多还原