节点文献
大小兴安岭退化森林湿地过渡带群落恢复与重建途径及模式研究
Restoration or Reestablishment Approaches and Models of Communities on the Deteriorate Forest-swamp Ecotones in Daxing’an Mountain and Xiaoxing’an Mountain
【作者】 倪志英；
【导师】 牟长城；
【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 博士
【摘要】 本文采用样带网格调查方法、标准木解析方法和α，β多样性指数分析方法，研究了大、小兴安岭采伐、火烧、造林干扰形成的退化森林沼泽过渡带群落的结构特征、生物量、蓄积量、植物多样性及其沿森林湿地过渡带环境梯度变化规律，并与天然森林沼泽过渡带群落进行对比分析，综合定量评价自然演替途径和人工造林途径的恢复效果，探讨退化森林湿地的有效恢复途径及恢复模式，以便为我国东北退化森林湿地生态系统恢复与重建提供依据。研究结果如下：（1）天然和火烧或采伐干扰后演替森林沼泽群落均是由毛赤杨、白桦和兴安落叶松2～3个树种组成，并且沿过渡带环境梯度呈现出建群种更替规律性，但火烧干扰加强了群落建群种的优势地位，而采伐干扰使个别群落建群种的优势地位有所削弱。而人工重建森林沼泽群落均是以兴安落叶松占优势地位，仅混生有少量天然更新的毛赤杨或白桦，也未呈现出沿过渡带环境梯度建群种更替规律性。（2）大、小兴安岭天然森林沼泽群落（79.4％～90.0％或49.6～67.3％）和火烧或采伐后演替群落（96.8％～99.1％或80.0～93.3％）的径级分布均以小径级林木占绝对优势，并随径级增大呈现出递减型分布规律性，且沿沼泽至森林方向过渡带环境梯度，小径木比例呈递减趋势，而中径木的比例呈递增趋势；人工沼泽林群落的径级分布与天然和演替群落有所不同，在过渡带环境梯度下部生境地段上以小径级林木（72.06％～100.00％或84.56～93.40％）占绝对优势，而在过渡带环境梯度中上部生境地段上则以中径级林木（70.69％～71.08％或38.67～47.74％）占优势地位。（3）大兴安岭不同干扰型森林沼泽过渡带各群落的生物量生产力（年平均生物量积累量）变动较大，天然(1.2320～4.4322 t.hm-2.a-1)、火烧演替(1.7102～10.7835 t.hm-2.a-1)和人工重建(2.1894～6.3084 t.hm-2.a-1)的森林沼泽过渡带各群落的生物量生产力，沿沼泽至森林方向的过渡带环境梯度分别呈现单峰型、递减型、波动型分布规律，且火烧演替和人工重建的森林沼泽群落分别较天然群落提高了126.34％和47.24％；小兴安岭天然(3.5881～7.3503 t.hm-2.a-1)、火烧演替(3.6423～11.1350 t.hm-2.a-1)、采伐演替(4.1538～7.6100t.hm-2.a-1)和人工重建(3.5670～8.7925 t.hm-2.a-1)的森林沼泽群落的生物量生产力，沿沼泽至森林方向的过渡带环境梯度分别呈现近似恒定型（除沼泽生境较高外）、波动型、近似递增型（除上部生境较低外）和递增型分布规律，且火烧演替、采伐演替和人工重建森林沼泽群落分别较天然群落提高了52.16％、58.08％和20.10％（在过渡带中上部生地段上提高61.73％～89.85％）。（4）大兴安岭森林沼泽群落的蓄积生产力（年平均蓄积生长量）沿沼泽至森林方向的过渡带环境梯度变动也较大，天然森林沼泽群落(6.6898～1.4118 m3.hm-2.a-1)和火烧演替森林沼泽群落(6.0059～1.6126 m3.hm-2.a-1)均呈现递减型分布规律，而人工重建的森林沼泽群落(4.3497～6.9905 m3.hm-2.a-1)则呈现递增型分布规律，且火烧演替群落和人工重建群落的生产力分别较天然群落有所降低或提高（-10.22％～24.97％和-34.67％～395.15％）；小兴安岭天然森林沼泽群落生产力(3.5650～3.6611 m3.hm-2.a-1)沿沼泽至森林方向的过渡带环境梯度呈恒定型分布规律，采伐演替森林沼泽群落(2.5452～1.3042 m3.hm-2.a-1)呈现递减型分布规律，而人工重建森林沼泽群落(3.3548～10.8194 m3.hm-2.a-1)则呈递增型分布规律，且采伐演替群落和人工重建群落的生产力分别较天然群落有所降低或提高（-28.61％～-64.38％和101.73％～151.10％）。（5）在大兴安岭林区，火烧演替和人工重建的森林沼泽群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数、群落的Cody指数和群落相似性系数分别较天然森林沼泽群落提高了74.00％和76.24％、50.12％和12.68％、31.91％和16.45％、5.00％和85.00％。因此，火烧演替途径在维持物种多样性和群落多样性方面优于人工造林途径；而在小兴安岭林区，采伐演替、火烧演替和人工重建森林沼泽群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数、群落Cody指数和群落相似性系数分别较天然群落降低了37.37％、21.08％、11.32％，60.46％、48.92％、14.69％，62.64％、42.64％、44.00％和74.36％、66.67％、74.36％。因此，人工造林途径在维持物种多样性和群落多样性方面优于火烧演替途径，后者又优于采伐演替途径。（6）在综合评价自然演替途径和人工重建途径的恢复效果基础上，探讨了大、小兴安岭退化森林湿地的有效恢复模式，并提出了针对大、小兴安岭林区森林湿地过渡带中火烧迹地和采伐迹地的三种恢复模式，即：辅以人为干预的自然演替恢复模式、参照天然森林湿地群落结构与功能的人工重建模式和自然演替途径与人工重建途径相结合的近自然恢复模式。
【Abstract】 The structure, biomass productivity, volume productivity, species richness,α,βdiversityindexes of natural, succession （after fire or felling disturbance） or forestation forest-swampcommunities were studied by using transect investigation method, Shannon-wiener or Codyindex methods and sample tree analysis method along the environmental gradients fromswamp to forest in Daxing’an and Xiaoxing’an Mountains, in order to assess the effects of thedifferent restoration approaches on structure, productivity and plant diversity of forestedwetlands, probe valid restoration approach for deteriorate forested wetlands, and providescientific basis for managing forested wetlands. The results showed that:①the natural orsuccession after fire or felling forest-swamp communities were all composed of 2～3 treespeciese such as Alnus sibirica, Betulaplatyphylla or Larix gmelini, and constructive species ofthe communities were replaced regularly along the environmental gradients from swamp toforest, which apears Alnus sibirica, Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelini in turns, however firedisturbance strengthened the position of constructive species in the communities, and fellingdisturbance weakened the position of constructive species in some communities. But this kindof tree species replacement did not take place in afforestation communities dominated by L.gmelini.with small amount natural regeneration trees of Alnus sibirica or Betula platyphylla.②the diameter class distributions of succession （96.8％～99.1％or 80.0～93.3％） or natural（79.4％～90.0％or 49.6～67.3％） forest-swamp communities were dominated absolutely bysmaller diameter classes trees, both of them taken on a descending law with diameter classincreasing, and the proportion of smaller or bigger diameter classes trees decreased orincreased progressively along the environmental gradients from swamp to forest. But thediameter class distributions of afforestation forest-swamp communities differed from thesuccession and natural communities, which was dominated by smaller diameterclasses（72.06％～100.00％or 84.56～93.40％） at low site and bigger diameterclasses（70.69％～71.08％or 38.67～47.74％） at middle and high sites on the planted forest-swamp ecotone environmental gradients.③biomass productivity （mean annual biomassaccumulation） of the communities changed greatly along the different disturbanceenvironmental gradients from swamp to forest in Daxing’an Mountain, that of natural(1.2320～4.4322 t.hm-2.a-1) or succession after fire (1.7102～10.7835 t.hm-2.a-1) or forestation(2.1894～6.3084 t.hm-2.a-1) forest-swamp communities took on single-peak, decreasedprogressively or fluctuate distribution law respectively along the ecotoneal environmentalgradients, and biomass productivity of succession or forstation communities increased by126.34％or 31.10％than that of natural communities separately. In Xiaoxing’an Mountain, biomass productivity of natural (3.5881～7.3503 t.hm-2.a-1), succession after fire (3.6423～11.1350 t.hm-2.a-1), succession after felling (4.1538～7.6100 t.hm-2.a-1), or forestation(3.5670～8.7925 t.hm-2.a-1) communities took on similar constant （besides higher at low site）,fluctuate, approximate increasing progressively（besides lower at high site）, or increasingprogressively distribution law respectively along the ecotoneal environmental gradients, andbiomass productivity of succession after fire or felling, forestation communities increased by52.16％or 58.08％and 20.10％（61.73％～89.85％at above middle sites） than that of naturalcommunities separately.④volume productivity （mean annual volume growth） of the forest-swamp communities also changed greatly along the environmental gradients from swamp toforest in Daxing’an Mountain, that of natural or succession forest-swamp communities(6.6898～1.4118 m3.hm-2.a-1or 6.0059～1.6126 m3.hm-2.a-1) decreased. progressively, but that offorestation communities (4.3497～6.9905 m3.hm-2.a-1) increased progressively, and volumeproductivity of the succession or forestation communities varied from -10.22％to 24.97％orfrom -34.67％to 395.15％by contrasting natural communities. In Xiaoxing’an Mountain,volume productivity of natural forest-swamp communities (3.5650-3.6611 m3.hm-2.a-1) keepconstant, succession forest-swamp communities (2.5452～1.3042 m3.hm-2.a-1) decreasedprogressively, forestation communities (3.3548～10.8194 m3.hm-2.a-1 increase progressively,and volume productivity of the succession or forestation communities varied from -28.61％to-64.38％or from 101.73％to 151.10％by contrasting natural communities.⑤speciese richness,species diversity, Cody indexes, and community similarity coefficient of succession after firedor forestation forest-swamp ecotone communities increased by 74.00％or 76.24％, 50.12％or12.68％, 31.91％or 16.45％, 5.00％or 85.00％than that of natural forest-swamp ecotonecommunity respectively, so succession approach had advantage in maintaining speciese andcommunity diversity in Daxing’an Mountains. But speciese richness, species diversity, Codyindexes, and community similarity coefficient of succession after fired or felling, andforestation forest-swamp ecotone communities decreased by 37.37％, 21.08％, 11.32％; 60.46％,48.92％, 14.69％; 62.64％, 42.64％, 44.00％; 74.36％, 66.67％, 74.36％than that of naturalforest-swamp ecotone community separately, so plantation approach had advantage inmaintaining speciese and community diversity in Xiaoxing’an Mountains.⑥the validrestoration approaches were probed, on the basis of evaluating effects of succession orforestation approach on the restoration of the deteriorate forested wetlands comprehensively, inDaxing’an and Xiaoxing’an Mountains, and three kinds of restoration models were suggestedfor restorating or rehabilitating vegetation on the deteriorate forested wetlands ecotones by fireor felling disturbanec, which mainly including natural succession model, afforestation model,and natural succession-afforestation model or nearly natural model.