基于GIS技术的药用甘草适生环境及其影响因子的分析

【作者】 卢颖；

【导师】 王文全； 唐小明；

【作者基本信息】 北京中医药大学 ， 中药学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 甘草既是我国著名的大宗药材,主要来源于甘草(G. uralensis Fisch.)、胀果甘草(G. Inflata Batal.)和光果甘草(G. glabra Linn.),同时也是我国西部荒漠、半荒漠地区重要的固沙植物。随着甘草开发利用的不断深入,国内外甘草的需求量逐年增长,野生甘草的采挖量不断扩大,野生资源遭到严重破坏,有的地方甚至面临枯竭,生态环境也因此恶化。要保证甘草资源的可持续利用,满足人类对甘草需求的增长,就要进行科学的人工种植。为生产优质甘草,避免盲目引种造成的人力、物力、财力等资源的浪费,就需要了解甘草资源的分布状况,掌握影响甘草分布、产量、质量的各类因子以及它们之间的相互关系,选择最适宜的地区进行种植,这是提高甘草质量的根本保证。GIS技术的发展和成熟又为中药资源的研究提供了先进的手段。为此本论文收集了三种药用甘草共计249个分布县市的地理、气象、土壤数据,借助先进的GIS技术和统计学方法,分析了三种药用甘草的地理空间分布和生态环境特征,并对众多的环境变量进行了因子分析,利用分析结果,在TCMGIS-I系统上对三种药用甘草以及“梁外甘草”进行了适宜分布区及产地适宜性分析,最后还对野生甘草的甘草酸、总黄酮含量以及野生甘草储量与环境的关系进行了回归分析。通过本论文研究,了解了各药用甘草对环境的不同要求以及环境对其分布的影响作用,找到了甘草潜在的发展区域,对甘草资源的可持续利用和开发具有一定的指导意义。分析研究结果如下:1.基于GIS技术,利用ViewGIS平台建立的药用甘草资源地理信息数据库,具有空间查询与空间分析的功能,使表格数据与图形数据完美地结合在一起,既是对大量分散的药用甘草资源数据、资料的规范化统一管理,也为下一步进行药用甘草地理空间分布以及影响因子的分析奠定了良好的基础,同时,GIS技术的利用提高了资源信息管理水平,能挖掘出数据后面的信息,并实现了中药资源信息、生态环境信息的可视化,便于决策分析。进一步开发和完善可建成中药资源地理信息数据库,可用于所有中药的资源分析。2.利用GIS技术和统计学的方法,图文并茂地对药用甘草的地理空间分布和生态环境特征进行了总结描述,统计出三种药用甘草的生态环境特征值。①地理环境特征:甘草的经度范围跨度最大,胀果甘草次之,光果甘草最小,纬度范围甘草与光果甘草基本一致,胀果甘草的纬度范围小。三种药用甘草绝大多数都分布在海拔1500m以下,并以1000～1500m分布居多。②气候环境特征:胀果甘草分布区的积温、无霜期、年均温度等表示热量条件的指标,日照时数、太阳年总辐射量等表示光能条件的指标,以及降水量、蒸发量表示地区干旱状况的指标都是最大、最高的,光果甘草居中,甘草相对较低。③土壤环境特征:甘草分布区的土壤类型最多,胀果甘草与光果甘草分布区的土壤类型相似。三种药用甘草分布区的土壤质地基本一致,均为砂质壤土、砂质粘壤土或壤质粘土。此外,胀果甘草分布区的土壤碱性相对较高。由此得知:胀果甘草对热量、光照的要求最高,耐旱能力最强,光果甘草居中,甘草最弱。这些规律有助于我们了解甘草对环境的要求,为甘草适生地的选择提供参考。3.对3种药用甘草生态环境的因子分析表明:甘草分布主要受“热量因子”的控制,而胀果甘草和光果甘草的分布主要受“热量和降水因子”的控制,而且通过贡献率的大小决定了各个因子对不同甘草分布的影响强弱程度。通过因子分析还得到各因子权重系数及因子得分,都为进行3种药用甘草的产地适宜性分析奠定了基础。4.通过对3种药用甘草适宜分布区的分析表明,3种药用甘草的适生范围均大大扩大,甘草的适宜分布区扩大到涉及北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、山东、河南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等15个省市的696个县市。胀果甘草的适宜分布区扩大到新疆、甘肃、内蒙古三省区的113个县市。光果甘草的适宜分布区扩大到新疆、甘肃、内蒙古三省区的111个县市。扩大的区域便是甘草潜在的发展区,这为甘草的引种栽培基地的选择提供了参考依据。对“梁外甘草”产地的适宜性分析表明,不仅杭锦旗周边的一些县市旗生态环境与杭锦旗十分相似,内蒙古的锡林郭勒盟和新疆的北疆、东疆也都有很多地区与杭锦旗的生态环境相似,这些地区都有可能成为“梁外甘草”新的发展基地。5.利用多元线性回归的方法分别分析了甘草酸含量、总黄酮含量与环境变量的关系,分别得到含量的线性回归方程。甘草酸含量: y = ?5 .681 + 0.023 x4 + 0.008 x1 2 ? 0.486 x5 + 0.011x 6 + 0.024 x1 4 +0.094x9总黄酮含量: y = ?2 .018 + 0.003 x1 2 ? 0.126 x5 + 0.105 x9 + 0.011x 4 + 0.001x 3 + 0.011x1①从甘草酸含量的回归方程中得知无霜期长、七月平均温度高、年太阳总辐射量大、降水量高、大风日数多而年均风速低的地区,甘草中所含的甘草酸含量会相对较高。②从总黄酮含量的回归模型中得知,降水量大、七月平均温度高、无霜期长、经度大,海拔高而年均风速低的地区,总黄酮的含量会相对高些。③相关性分析发现,甘草酸含量与总黄酮含量相关性十分显著,且这两类物质大小变化的方向一致。比较甘草酸含量与总黄酮含量的回归方程推断,环境因子尤其是热量、降水以及风况,对甘草酸和总黄酮含量高低的影响大致是相同的,可能是造成甘草酸含量与总黄酮含量具有较强的相关性的原因之一。6.采用有序多项Logistic回归分析方法,分析野生甘草储量级别与环境变量关系。通过研究分析确定出与储量存在显著相关的环境变量是纬度、大风日数、年均温度、≥10℃积温、降水量、甘草丰富度和县域面积,并得到各级储量级别的概率预测模型。(P1为储量级别1的发生概率;P2为储量级别2的发生概率;P3为储量级别为3的发生概率)此模型与实际情况的总符合率为70.6%,但对低于1000吨的甘草储量较低地区的正确识别率却高达90.2%,这十分有助于我们在寻找甘草储量资源丰富、高储量的地域时,可较好地剔除甘草储量资源相对匮乏的地区。本论文的特色和创新点是:⑴利用GIS技术建立了甘草资源数据库,可同时管理属性数据和空间数据,即规范化统一管理甘草资源信息,提高了资源信息的管理水平,同时数据库的空间查询和空间分析功能又提高了数据资料的利用程度,实现了资源信息和环境信息的可视化。⑵全面、深入、细致地研究3种药用甘草的适生环境及影响因素,并用因子分析的方法确定了生态主导因子及权重系数,为甘草的适宜分布区分析及产地适宜性分析的科学性和可靠性提供了保障。⑶利用TCMGIS-I系统分别找出了三种药用甘草潜在的发展区域,这些潜在的发展区域的生态环境与野生甘草分布区的环境相似,可有效地指导甘草的引种栽培更多还原

【Abstract】 Liquorice root is not only a kind of medicinal material which is well known in China, but also a sand binder in the western desert and hemieremion districts of China. Its main sources are Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., G. Inflata Batal., G. glabra Linn. Due to the increasing use by the human being, more and more wild Radix Glycyrrhizae have been destroyed, resulting in devastating destruction and exhaustion of wild resources and deterioration of biological environment. In order to insure sustainable utilization of Radix Glycyrrhizae and meet the increasing demand, it is important to establish a scientific and reasonable strategy to use Radix Glycyrrhizae. For producing high quality of Radix Glycyrrhizae, one should first understand the distribution of Radix Glycyrrhizae source, the affecting factors to its distribution, output and quality, and then select the suitable producing areas to plant.The dissertation analyzes the geographical spatial distribution, ecological characteristics of Radix Glycyrrhizae and environmental affecting factors in distribution area by GIS and statistics based on the data of geography, meteorology, and soil for three types of Radix Glycyrrhizae collecting from 249 counties and cities. With the above results, suitable producing areas for Radix Glycyrrhizae are analyzed by the system of TCMGIS-1. Lastly regression analysis has been carried out between amount of Glycyrrhizic acid, total flavonoids, reserving amount for wild Radix Glycyrrhizae and the environment. Analytic results are as follows:1.Based on GIS, geographic information data base has been established on View GIS platform, so that data and graphics linked perfectly, which not only provide information file but also lay a sold foundation for further analysis of geographic spatial distribution and factor analysis. In the same time, the use of GIS improves managerial level of information and sources, realize virtualization of Chinese medicine information and ecological environment information. With further improvement, the data base can provide spatial information search and services.2.With the help of GIS and statistics, geographic spatial distribution and ecological environment characteristics are illustrated both in graphics and words: G. Inflata Batal has the strictest conditions for heat and light and is best at tolerating drought, G. glabra Linn. is the second best, G. uralensis Fisch. the third. The findings are conduced to reveal Radix Glycyrrhizae’s living conditions for selecting its optimum place of production.3.Factor analysis for three medicinal Radix Glycyrrhizae suggests: distribution of G. uralensis Fisch. is mainly influenced by the factor of heat, while distribution of G. glabra Linn. and G. Inflata Batal are mostly influenced by the factors of heat and atmospheric water, and those varied in influencing effects. Coefficients and scores concluded from factor analysis lay a foundation for analyzing place of production for the three medicinal types of Radix Glycyrrhizae.4.With the above researches, suitable producing areas for Radix Glycyrrhizae are analyzed by the system of TCMGIS-1.The results show that habitat of three medicinal Radix Glycyrrhizae increased remarkably, which will be the potential growing areas to provide references for selecting planting base for artificial cultivation of Radix Glycyrrhizae. Suitability analysis of Radix Glycyrrhizae in Hangjin County indicates that the ecological environment around Hangjin County, and in Xilinguolemeng of Inner Mongolia, North, East of Xinjiang are similar to that of Hangjin County, suggesting they will be possibly new developing bases.5.With the help of multiple regressions, relationship among content of glycyrrhizic acid, total flavonoids and environment are studied and regression equations are obtained. It has been suggested that content of glycyrrhizic acid is relatively high in such areas as with long frostless period, high temperature in July, large quantity of sun radiation per year, large amount of precipitation, frequent gale occurrence with low speed. The amount of total flavonoids is higher in the areas with large amount of precipitation, high temperature in July, long frostless period, high longitude, high sea level, and low wind speed per year. The dependability analysis suggested amount of glycyrrhizic acid and total flavonoids depend on one another remarkably, moreover the tendency to increase or decrease is alike. By comparing the two regression equations, it can be implied environment factors such as heat, precipitation, wind have similar influences on contents of total flavonoids and glycyrrhizic acid, which may explain the relative strong dependability.6.Using analytic method of order multiple logistic regression to analyze relationship between reserves grade of wild Radix Glycyrrhizae and environment variants. Through studies environment variants with remarkable significance to reserve amount are confirmed as follows: latitude, number of days of gale, mean temperature of a year,≥10℃accumulative temperature, and precipitation, abundance of Radix Glycyrrhizae and area of counties. Besides possibility-prediction model for each grade are established with a mean coincidence rate of70.6%. As for reserve amount less than 1000 tons, accurate discrimination rate reach as high as 90.2% which is very helpful in rejecting areas with scarce Radix Glycyrrhizae resource as we look for rich-abundant, high-reserves areas. Through this study, we get to know the living condition required by all sorts of Licorice and the environmental influence on its distribution. Therefore, the research has a guiding significance for the sustained utilization and exploration of Licorice resource.The innovative points and the special feature of this research are: (1) by using GIS, the management and utilization of the resource information of Licorice has been greatly improved. Information on the resource and environment becomes visualized. (2) It is the first time that living condition and influence factors of 3 kinds of Licorice for medical utilization have been studied completely. Meanwhile dominant factors and its weight coefficient have been determined by the method of factor analysis, which provide the scientificity and authenticity of the analysis of habitat suitability. (3) By applying the TCMGIS-I system, the potential distribution region of the 3 kinds of medical Licorice has been figured out, which will be used as a guide for the introduction and cultivation of Licorice efficaciously.更多还原