清代女作家弹词研究

【作者】 鲍震培；

【导师】 陈洪；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 清代弹词是一种非常独特的叙事文体,其中女作家所创作的,大多是虚构的韵散相间长篇叙事作品,我们称之为“韵文体长篇小说”,应视为清代长篇小说创作的特殊体裁。又因为它是中国唯一以女性为主体(具备创作文本和阅读受众两个层面)的独特叙事文体,所以这类文本具备了小说史与女性文学的双重研究价值,对这类作家和作品的研究无疑是一个很有意义的课题。本文绪论以历史的观点,说明选题之缘起及意义,研究现状与存在的问题,研究之重点、难点和基本思路以及采取的研究方法。第一章论述明清时代妇女观的渐变与女性文学的繁荣。我们把清代女作家现象放在清代文学与社会思潮、文学与文化互动的层面上进行考察,回顾了我国古代妇女观的形成,重点阐述明清启蒙思想家从对理学的批判中生发出的有悖于礼教的较为进步的妇女观。在思想和社会风气发生渐变的前提下,重新审视晚明至清所凸现的才女文化和以闺秀才女为主体的女性文学呈现的繁荣景象,以及群体性、多元化的特点。第二章主要追溯弹词源流,展现清代女作家弹词的主要创作风貌。本文从书面文学、写作手法以及读者期待这三方面把清代女作家创作的弹词与弹词原始体(或演唱体)区分开来。分三个时期论述了清代女作家弹词创作所取得的成就。从两个层面回答她们创作数量众多的、卷帙浩繁的韵文体小说的原因——女性写作与闲暇时间的关系以及女作家的文体独立意识。第三章则在分析女作家弹词叙事主要内容和特征的基础上,揭示女作家叙事传统的建立。从女性生存状态,自我意识的萌发看女性讲述自己故事的迫切性和自觉性,即清代女性写作的心态与动机。论述了弹词“处处为女性张目”的突出特征与表现女性意识的特异形态——女扮男装,并把此题材置于中国古代易装文化的总体环境和清代文学的变量关系中,总结文学表现的意义。最后分析了弹词重视心理描写与细节刻画等的突出艺术特点及其对现代小说叙事艺术的影响。第四章对文本进行更加深入的探讨,论述女作家弹词与主流意识形态的融汇与冲突。尤其是从“女史”传统把握女小说家的叙事心理与思想脉搏。论述弹词小说偏爱家国历史、朝政风云的宏大叙事,从中表现女作家与儒相通的政治抱负、人文情怀。同时分析女作家所表露出的大胆的叛逆礼教的精神和迫切争取男女平等、婚姻自由的思想以及她们所寄托的宗教梦想。第五章是对弹词女作家及其作品的考辨。在大量占有原始资料的基础上,对清代女作家及其弹词作品进行全面而系统的梳理、归纳和考证、辨析工作。内容包括作者生卒年,大致经历,作品的创作时间,出版时间、版本情况,流行与影响。其中作者的性别确定和创作动机是研究的重要方面。总之,通过对清代女作家弹词的方方面面的论述,可以明确并加强对其在中国文学史上的重要地位的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 Literature Tanci in the Qing Dynasty are narratives of very unique writing style, among which written by women writers are most of literature composition rhymes with seven characters to a line and prose alternating with a make-up and imaginative stories and characterizations. We generally call these narratives as“novels in a style of literature composition rhymes”and view them as a special form of literature, written in Qing Dynasty. Because of their unique type of writing composed mainly of women only in China ( having both writers and readers ), this kind of literature works has had a double study value both of novel history and women’s literature. Therefore, it is no doubt that the study on its writers and works is of a significant subject.Based on the historical point of view, the introduction in this paper proposes the original reason and significance of choosing this subject for study, its present studying situation and existing problems, the key point difficult point and basic thought as well as the method taken in the study.The first chapter in this paper discusses the evolution of women concept and booming of women’s literature in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In this chapter, it is dated back to the formation of women concept in the ancient time of our country based on an investigation by laying women writers’phenomenon in the Qing Dynasty on the mutual promotion between literature and social trend of thought as well as between literature and culture at that time to make a stress on the more advanced women concept against feudal ethical code, which was created during criticizing Confucian school of idealist philosophy by enlightening thinkers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The author makes a reconsideration in this chapter on many characteristics of the prosperous scene, which emerged in the culture of gifted women scholars and women literature taking maidens as a main body, and the literature done by a crowd of masses and in a way of variety from the later of the Ming to the Qing Dynasty at a prerequisite of gradual change of thought and general mood of society.The second chapter in this paper comes back to the original source of literature Tanci, which showed the major writing features of women writers in the Qing Dynasty. This paper separates literature Tanci from its original style ( or singing style ) at three aspects of written literature, writing method and expectation from readers. In this chapter, the author not only describes the achievements made by women writers in Tanci creation at that time, but also points out the reason of so many novels in a variety of writing styles worked out by women writers in that dynasty. According to author’s point of view, that is because of the relation between women’s writing and the free time as well as independent sense of women writers in the types of writing.The third chapter in this paper brings to light the establishment of women writers’narrative tradition based on analyzing the major content and characteristics of their Tanci narratives. In this chapter, the author takes a look at the urgency and consciousness of female in telling their own story, say the feelings and intentions of women’s writing in the Qing Dynasty, from their living status and germination of self-sense. This chapter describes the outstanding features of“thinking about the interest of female in every aspect”and the special style of expressing female sense---women dressing as men in literature Tanci. Moreover, it summarizes the significance of literature expression by putting this kind of narratives into the overall environment of dressing-changed culture in the ancient time of China and variable of the relation in Qing literature. This chapter, at last, makes an analysis on Tanci’s protruding art feature of its paying attention to feeling description and detailed depiction as well as its effect on modern narrative art.The forth chapter in this paper makes a deeper discussion on the combination and conflict between literature Tanci, written by women writers, and dominant ideology. Especially, the author sees through the feelings and thoughts of women writers in their writing narratives from“female historical recorders”tradition. It is discussed in this chapter that literature Tanci liked to tell the story about the history of the country and governmental affairs, from which the political aspiration and human feelings can be found out. Simultaneously, the author makes an analysis on the spirit of women writers about their bold rebelling against feudal ethical code, the urgent struggle for the equality between male and female, the thought of free marriage and the dream, entrusted to the care of religion.The fifth chapter in this paper investigates and discusses the women writers of literature Tanci and their works. Based on the large quantity of original information, the author has made an arrangement, summarization and analysis on women writers and their Tanci works in the Qing Dynasty in an overall and systematic way, including the date of birth and death of writers, their major experience, the date of works creation, the date of works publication, edition, population and the influence of the works. Among them, the author takes the study on determining the sex of the writers and works creating intention as the key aspect.Above all, one thing can be made clearly that literature Tanci, written by women writers in the Qing Dynasty, has enjoyed an important position in the literature history of China.更多还原