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外汇干预预期传导途径与宏观经济稳定研究

【作者】 陆志明

【导师】 华民;

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 , 金融学, 2007, 博士

【摘要】 无论是在固定汇率制度下、还是在浮动汇率制度下,世界各国均未放弃对外汇市场的干预。尤其是布雷顿森林体系解体之后,各国外汇市场干预的频度和力度均比以往有所提升。从1985年的“广场协议”到1992年的欧洲货币危机,外汇市场联合干预开始步入高峰。而对外汇市场干预的研究也随着外汇干预的日趋频繁而逐渐兴盛起来,从早期的外汇干预的基础理论、框架分析,到具体细微的外汇干预传导途径分析:从对外汇干预有效性的实证研究到外汇干预作用机制的实证分析:从外汇干预对汇率走势的影响到外汇干预与宏观经济关系的研究;从外汇干预的资产组合途径进一步扩展到外汇干预的预期传导途径,并进一步演化为信息共享途径,如此等等,不一而足。虽然国际上对于外汇干预的实践和理论研究早已深入展开,但是国内的相关领域却依然处于起步阶段。本文借鉴国际上先进的外汇干预预期传导途径与宏观经济稳定方面的已有研究成果,构建适合中国环境的外汇干预预期传导机制与宏观经济、就业之间关系的理论模型,并运用中国的数据进行实证研究。同时通过对发达国家(主要是美国、德国欧盟、日本)和亚洲发展中国家(泰国、印尼和中国香港等)的国际比较研究,得出适合中国的制度路径:从目前货币政策等宏观经济政策与外汇干预政策趋于一致的中间类型逐步过渡到趋于分离的中间类型,并最终在市场经济足够发达、民主决策机制足够健全、金融市场足够完善的情况下过渡到货币政策等宏观经济政策与外汇干预政策决策执行完全分离的分离性均衡状态。本文的主要结构安排如下:第一章,导言。主要包括理论基础、选题背景、本文研究方法、创新与不足和结构安排等三大部分。理论基础主要详述了外汇干预的类型:冲销式与非冲销式干预。外汇干预的两大传导途径:资产组合途径与预期传导途径。然后进一步结合理论和实践分析了外汇干预的必要性和有效性;选题背景主要分为国际与国内背景两大部分。国际背景主要结合国际上对外汇干预的认可与规范进行论述;而国内部分主要结合国内外汇干预发展历程进行解说。第二章,文献回顾。主要包括外汇干预的资产组合传导途径、预期传导途径、资产预期两大传导途径的相互关系及其演变、外汇干预的预期博弈分析、外汇干预与稳定宏观经济关系理论与实证五大部分。对于资产组合途径和预期传导途径主要是基于理论框架和实证研究的文献回顾,同时结合中央银行外汇干预的实践进行分析。此外,外汇干预与宏观经济效应,外汇干预的预期传导途径博弈分析也是重点回顾的部分,这些回顾对于更好的构建和理解本文的理论模型具有重要的价值。第三章,基于信息不完全情况下的外汇干预预期传导途径与稳定宏观经济效应的模型构建。主要包括开放经济环境下的政策分析框架、外汇市场干预模型的假定条件、一致性均衡分析、分离性均衡分析等四大部分。开放经济条件下的政策分析框架提供了基本的宏观经济研究的范式,而引入外汇市场干预模型的假定条件则将外汇干预的微观基础引入到分析框架,尤其是研究工资制定者与外汇市场交易者的行为模式与外汇干预等宏观经济变量的变动联系起来,使理论模型与现实的经济现象更为吻合。考虑到外汇干预政策与货币政策等其他宏观经济政策决策与执行是否一致,本文将分析的框架拓展为一致性均衡(政策制定执行一致)和分离性均衡(政策制定执行分离)。在此框架下得出的结论是:分离性均衡相对于一致性均衡来说更为有效。但是我们也需要注意到:在现实生活中,直接将外汇干预与货币政策“两权分离”同样会造成政治上的冲突和不稳定性,甚至可能会降低不同机构之间相互协调和分工合作的能力。这些问题值得我们作进一步的深入研究。第四章,外汇干预预期传导途径与稳定宏观经济的实证研究。主要包括国外发达国家与发展中国家实证研究、我国外汇市场干预实际运行、我国实证研究三大部分。参考国内外实证研究的目的主要有两个:一是有利于吸收前人研究方法的精华,取长补短;二是能够获得一些技术上的借鉴。最为典型的外汇干预数据的选取,目前世界上仅有美、日、德三国有官方公布的外汇干预数据,其他国家这一数据均属国家机密。在这种情况下,要将研究进一步深入,而非仅仅局限于文字论述,必须找到相关度高,同时又稳定可靠的数据序列。结合中国自1994年以来的外汇干预实践和以往国内研究者的经验,本章选取了外汇储备的增量数据作为外汇干预的替代数据。两类数据相关度高,同时数据序列稳定可靠。对我内外汇市场干预的实际运行进行研究同样是为了选取适合中国国情的数据序列。对我国的主要实证结论与理论是基本一致的。市场化外汇干预的增强导致人民银行干预收益的增加,实证上就表现为外汇干预与海外净资产的增长有明显的正相关关系;外汇干预虽具有降低经济增长方差,稳定宏观经济的效用,但并不意味着可以刺激经济增长。相反,在经济处于上行期时,却会减缓经济上行的增幅,因而结合中国目前仍属于经济高速增长阶段的基本特征,外汇干预与经济增长有明显的负相关;正如理论模型的结论,外汇干预稳定宏观经济可能会阻碍就业的提升。实证结论也表明外汇干预与城镇就业人数增长有较弱的负相关。这一方面是与中国廉价劳动力资源丰富,劳动力之间就业竞争激烈,出口型企业可以将汇率升值压力转嫁给廉价劳动力相关。外汇干预增强,人民币升值压力加大,企业出口压力加大并导致部分企业转移到海外,劳动力工资水平降低,工人就业水平下降。另一方面,也与国家其他社会经济政策有关。近年来国家开始倡导提高社会就业保障水平,提高社会大众对经济增长的认同度。如提升就业水平、提高社会最低保障水平、完善社会福利事业等等,这些政策均对外汇干预政策起到了一定的对冲作用,因而在计量结果上两者仅表现出较弱的负相关作用。第五章,外汇干预的预期传导途径与稳定宏观经济的政策建议。主要包括中国外汇干预的政策目标与指导思想、中国的外汇干预与汇率制度基础、中国的外汇干预与汇率管理制度三大部分。外汇干预的政策目标分类主要借鉴货币政策目标的分类,按照政策目标的层次,可以分为外汇干预的最终目标和中介目标;按照政策执行的期限,可以分为外汇干预的长期目标和短期目标。指导思想主要是指在结合中国国情的基础上,目前我国实行的是货币政策等宏观经济政策与外汇干预政策趋于一致的中间类型外汇干预制度,此种类型的制度安排有助于克服较为频繁的外汇冲击和抵御金融危机的冲击,也更有利于在目前我国人民币缓慢升值的环境下,稳定升值预期。但是伴随着我国经济和社会制度的进步,在市场经济机制发达、民主决策制度完善、金融市场管理制度健全之后,趋于一致的中间类型应逐步过渡到趋于分离的中间类型,并最终转移到货币政策等宏观经济政策与外汇干预政策相分离的分离性均衡制度安排。考虑到目前影响外汇干预政策执行基础和效率的因素。我们应当进一步研究中国的国情,并结合WTO资本与经常项目管理的要求,完善中国的外汇干预法律体系;改善目前银行结售汇制度的不足,给予企业更多的外汇管理主动权,使其加入到外汇交易市场中去,成为外汇市场交易的主体,为真正实现中国外汇干预由直接的行政管理转型为完全的市场间接管理;积极完善已经引入的做市商制度,提升外汇交易市场的“三度”——深度、广度和紧度,为完善的市场干预提供坚实的基础。同时也应注意的是,做市商制度也有其局限性,应当根据具体的外汇交易灵活安排。

【Abstract】 All the nations haven’t refused foreign exchange intervention neither under fixed exchange rate system nor flopped exchange rate system. The scale and frequency have been enhanced greatly especially after the Britton wood system’s disorganization. The foreign exchange cointervention had reached a new height from the 1985’s "Plaza Protocol" to 1992’s money crisis.The research on foreign exchange intervention has increased with the use of intervention from the basic theory to different foreign exchange intervention channel, from the effectiveness of foreign exchange intervention to the mechanism of the effective channel, from the fluctuation of foreign exchange to the macroeconomics effect, from the asset portfolio channel to the expect channel, and so on.Although the international researches about foreign exchange have evolved greatly, it is still on the beginning. This paper models the Chinese foreign exchange intervention expect channel, macroeconomics and employment rate with the help of international research paper. And we use Chinese data to check it. Though the international comparative research, including developed and developing countries’, we can get the system path of china. The path will get ahead from the middle class partial to coordination equilibrium to the middle class partial to separation, and make progress in equilibrium of separation under the condition of market economics development, democracy sanity and financial market perfect. The remaining part of the paper programs as flowing:The first part of the paper is introduction. It includes basic theory, point background, research method, innovation and insufficient. The basic theory mainly describes the type of foreign exchange intervention: sterilized intervention and unsterlized intervention. Two types of intervention channel include asset portfolio and expect channel. Basic theory even relates the effectiveness and serviceability of intervention. The international background is mainly about affirm of research. The domestic background is mainly about the history of foreign exchange.The second part of the paper is literature review. It includes the, expect channel of foreign exchange intervention, the relation and evolvement between the two channels, the game theory about intervention, relation between intervention and macroeconomics. The part of asset portfolio channel mainly discusses the framework of intervention together with the practice of central bank. These literature reviews have theory and practice value to this paper.The third part of the paper is the model between foreign exchange intervention and macroeconomics. It includes policy analysis framework under open economics, suppositions about the model, equilibrium of coordination and separation. The policy analysis framework releases macroeconomics research model. And the suppositions provide market microstructure framework for the market for foreign exchange that presents two important features: (ⅰ) it allows identification of a clear link between the intervention operations of central banks, agents’ expectations, exchange rates and the employment level; (ⅱ) it produces a series of testable implications which are consistent with a large body of empirical evidence concerning the statistical relations between intervention operations, exchange rates and monetary aggregates.The conclusion is that equilibrium of separation is more effective than equilibrium of coordination.The forth part of the paper is empirical research on the model between foreign exchange intervention and macroeconomics. The purposes of empirical literature review have two: the first is study the method of empirical walter; the second is study the data selection. There are only three countries (American, Japan and Germany) release foreign exchange intervention data. We have to find the correlated data series. So we choose the net increment of foreign exchange reserve as the intervention data according the empirical literature.The main conclusion of empirical research accords with model. The rise of intervention increases net income of central bank; the rise of intervention decreases the variation of economics development. It has negative correlation with GDP because our economics is in upgrading; the rise of intervention blocks employment.The fifth part of the paper is policy suggestion about the model. It includes foreign exchange intervention policy target and direction ideology, foreign exchange rate system, foreign exchange regulation system.The policy target accords with monetary policy target class. Direction ideology emphasizes Chinese own economics conditions. Foreign exchange rate system required WTO regulation. Foreign exchange regulation system emphasizes "Market Marker" system reform.

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 复旦大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2007年 06期
  • 【分类号】F832.6;F123
  • 【被引频次】14
  • 【下载频次】1337
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