环太湖地区与宁绍平原史前文化演变轨迹的比较研究

【作者】 郑建明；

【导师】 陈淳；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 浙江境内的杭嘉湖与宁绍两大平原，环境相似、气候相近、位置相邻，然而其史前文化的发展却表现为差异甚大的轨迹。杭嘉湖平原与东边的上海、北边的苏(州)(无)锡常(州)等平原一起共同组成了整个环太湖地区(平原)。文化面貌从马家浜文化开始、历崧泽文化、至良渚文化时期，各地方类型大同小异，而其社会发展水平、社会结构一直表现为连续和不断复杂化的发展过程，直至良渚时期复杂社会崩溃而嘎然而止。宁绍平原则不同，这里地域面积远不如环太湖地区，但是从目前已发现的的遗址来看，文化面貌迥异：跨湖桥与河姆渡两处典型遗址，无论是在物质文化上，还是从器物所反映的其他方面，似乎没有多少相似之处或前后承袭的迹象。并且跨湖桥文化在距今6500多年消失得无影无踪，而河姆渡文化从第三期开始，就表现出一种很大的衰落趋势，最终在北面良渚文化的全盛时期被融入其势力范围之内。环太湖地区与宁绍平原微生境与资源条件很可能是制约两地经济形态与生存方式相互差异的重要原因，而不同的经济形态与生存方式又决定了两地不同的人地关系与社会发展轨迹。环太湖地区地势平坦开阔，便于文化的交流与传播，在马家浜文化时期，食物结构以野生资源为主，到崧泽文化晚期，气候由温暖湿润转向凉干，人类赖以生存的几种主要大型动物数量锐减，再加上人类的居住环境从资源丰富的生态过渡带类型演变成资源单一的平原类型，人类可利用的资源种类与数量锐减。而平原地区开放的环境极有利于人口的流动与迁移，可促进人口的增长。这样人口／资源模式失衡，迫使人们寻求新的食物资源，农业开始出现。农业生产刺激了私有财产、超社群的社会协作、等级分化的出现及人口规模的扩大，复杂社会形成。在良渚文化末期，良渚复杂社会在它的中晚期逐步特化为一个神权社会，贵族为维护其世袭的特权，在非生产性的大型公共工程修筑、显赫物品制造等方面投入大量的劳动和资源，造成社会非生产性支出激增；另一方面，人口数量、密度的增长造成食物供应紧张，迫使良渚居民采取更加强化的农业生产方式，需要在生产性劳动上增加投入。这样，生产性与非生产性劳力投入的冲突更加严重，社会两部分能量支出失衡。气候在经历了1000多年的稳定之后，气温与降水量在这一时期跌至低谷，给良渚文化的农业生产带来了极大的冲击。在这种内外因的作用下，良渚复杂社会迅速开始动荡不安，农业生产条件开始恶化，影响到粮食供应和剩余从而走向崩溃，重新回复到了原始平等社会从生态环境上看，宁绍平原呈东西向狭长分布，不仅面积较小，并且被向北延伸的余脉及北流的大小河流分割成一个个小型、封闭且相对独立的山间盆地。生态环境相对复杂，在一个个独立的盆地环境中，中间是平原，四周山陵环抱，平原内河网、沼泽密布，类似于一种生态过渡带。这种环境比单一的平原环境，野生资源更为丰富，较适合史前的狩猎采集群和早期的农耕社会以较小和相对隔绝的单位生存。从遗址出土的动植物标本、生产工具及稻谷形态等方面来年，宁绍平原在整个史前时期基本处于以狩猎采集为主的经济形态中。野生资源相对丰富多样使得土地载能相对较高，人口压力较小，导致群体之间合作和依赖程度相对较弱，大规模密集劳力型的农业经济不明显，这样的人地关系自然缺乏一种促使社会凝聚和复杂化的动力。因此，在宁绍平原的整个河姆渡文化时期，聚落规模不大、数量较少，遗址与遗址之间不存在着等级分化，遗址内也不存在着功能分区。墓葬均埋葬在地面上，没有土台，规模较小，随葬品极少且主要是日用陶器，不存在玉制礼器等“显赫物品”。没有专门的仪式性场所，零星的仪式性器物发现于生活区内。居住形态主要是一种杆栏式的聚族而居的“长房子”。这种社会复杂化的物化形态反映的是一种小型、分散、平等的社会。到了相当于环太湖地区的良渚文化时期，由于受钱塘江以北强大文化的影响，墓葬方面个别遗址中出现了规模不大的土台，但仍旧没有发现仪式性建筑和显赫物品，可能进入了初步等级化的简单酋邦社会。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation tries to explore economic and social change in the region of the LowerChangjiang River by using current archaeological and anthropological theory, in order to providean interpretation of why prehistoric cultures in the region developed in quite different ways.The two adjacent areas in Zhejiang Province, the circum-Lake Tai plain and theNingbo-Shaoxing plain, have been selected to made comparative study why ancient cultures ofthese two areas with similar environlnent and climate exhibited different features and trajectoriesof social development. The local sequence of prehistoric cultures begins from the MajiabangCulture, the Songze Culture and Liangzhu Culture to the Maqiao Culture. The process of socialchange witnessed an increasing sophistication of complexity. At the end of Liangzhu, complexsociety collapsed and disappeared without trace.Broad and flat circum-Lake Tai Plain has been a rather uniform topography and resourcesand had advantages for social communication and cultural diffusion. During the MajiabangCulture period, people depended mainly on wild resources. In the late Songze period, along with aclimatic change from warm and moist to cool and dry and over-exploitation as well, large faunadropped dramatically. Due to population growth and resources stress, the subsistence pattern inthis region changed from foraging to intensive agriculture or rice cultivation. Meanwhile, socialorganization in the area became increasingly complex. From the late Songze and the earlyLiangzhu periods, social communities in the circum-Lake Tai entered the stage of chiefdom.During the Liangzhu period, the society had been gradually specialized as a theocratic polity.On the one hand, elites invested large amount of labor and resources to build large publicmonuments and burials and to produce prestige goods such as jade in order to maintain theirhereditary and privilege, which resulted in proliferation of non-productive costs of the society. Onthe other hand, increasing growth of population and need for more surplus compelled communityto adopt more intensive agriculture. This would finally impair social capability to deal withvarious challenges either from environmental fluctuation or social stress. 4000 B.P. witnessed anobvious temperature drop and flood. This might have exerted a great impact on paddy agriculturewhich gradually reduce the social stability and finally lead to its collapse.In the contrast, the Ningbo-Shaoxing plain showed a much different picture both inenvironmental condition and social change. Two important sites, the Hemudu and the Kuahuqiao,although close in time and space, differed obviously in material culture and displayed littleevidence of successiveness. Furthermore, the Kuahuqiao Culture totally disappeared around 6500B.P., while the Hemudu Culture exhibited a remarkable trend of degeneration from PeriodⅢ, and was eventually assimilated with the Liangzhu Culture from the north.The dissertation argues that the difference of microenvironment and resources of thecircum-Lake Tai plain and the Ningbo-Shaoxing plain might have played important roles causingdifferent trajectories of economic and social change. Long and narrow Ningbo-Shaoxing plainspreading from east to west is a relatively small region divided by hills and streams into manyisolated ecological patches. Sucli habitat was quite diverse and full in various resources, andusually yielded more affluent wild resources than that of the circum-Lake Tai plain. Thus, thisecological habitat was more suitable for prehistoric hunter-gatherers and early farming groups tosurvive comfortably needless to develop more intensive agriculture and complex socialorganization. Archaeological evidence has indicated that the subsistence pattern on theNingbo-Shaoxing plain remained hunter-gathering subsistence pattern throughout entireprehistoric period. Relatively abundant and diverse wild resource represented high carryingcapacity. People living in such environment lacked incentives to develop more advancedeconomic and political system which characterized economic and social change in thecircum-Lake Tai area. Throughout the flourishing period of the Hemudu Culture, the settlementsin the Ningbo-Shaoxing plain were small-scale and less in number. Hierarchical differentiation didnot exist, and there were no occupational or ranking differentiation within the settlement. Theburial goods revealed an egalitarian society. Very few ritual monuments and structures had beenbuilt and "prestige goods" like jade had not been wide used. The common settlement pattern wasmainly represented by a kind of pile-dwelling and "long house" probably occupied by severalextended families or a clan. This reflects a simple and egalitarian social organization.The dissertation argues that prehistoric archaeology should go beyond data collection toanswer more important questions such as human adaptation and social change.更多还原