改革时期中国民营企业家的政治影响

【作者】 陈家喜；

【导师】 桑玉成；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 政治学理论， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 一个具有重大理论意义与现实意义的问题是，改革以来中国经济改革与政治变革是否存在相关性?如果是，这一相关性又表现为怎样的逻辑?由于中国的经济改革不仅带来了私营经济的迅猛发展，还造就了一支新经济精英。他们掌握着较多的经济资源，并进而具有了潜在的政治影响力。因此，经济改革与政治变革的关系又可以简化为企业家与执政党和国家的关系问题。本研究就是通过对处于这一关系的中间环节——民营企业家政治影响的考察，试图解释这一基本的关系。研究发现，当前中国民营企业家的政治行动受到多重因素的影响，包括历史传统、社会结构、群体内聚力与主动性等。但是，从更为宏观的层面来看，执政党和国家对于企业家政治行动的选择具有决定性的型塑作用。由于党和国家拥有关键性政治资源的掌握权和分配权，它们采取了带有“精英吸纳”性质的政治安排制度，以及在私营企业推行执政党的组织建设。前者带来了新经济精英政治影响力的扩大，同时使他们的利益表达与政治参与规范化，对体制的认同感强。后者则通过组织构建来引导企业家增强对执政党的支持和归属，同时使企业家与执政党之间达到了较为密切的“组织”与“组织”之间的程度，使企业家获得了影响政治和达成经济目标的另一条通道。市场因素也是影响企业家政治行动的另一重要因素。一方面，市场化的改革推动了商会的崛起并走向民间化和自主性，这可以看作企业家组织化自主性的初露端倪。但是由于商会与政府的密切关系，这种自主性的影响也仅仅处于萌芽状态。另一方面，由于目前政府对市场机制的主导作用，使企业家与地方政府采取了非正式的影响方式，即构建与地方政府官员的“依附主义关系”和“共生关系”，二者分别建立在利益交换与利益共同点的基础之上。因此，总体上看，中国民营企业家采取了一种嵌入性的战略来发挥政治影响，即通过执政党和国家所提供的政治参与渠道以及政治平台来实现政治及经济目标；同时也通过与地方官员之间的非正式联系来实现实际的经济利益。而且，企业家的政治影响主要集中在经济领域和政策领域，而非更高层次的政治权力或者体制转型问题。因而，尽管中国经济改革对政治领域变革提出了挑战，执政党和国家为了应对这些这种变革，进行了体制和制度上的调整，有效地化解了这些挑战，从而在有效地推动了发展战略的同时保持了政治上的稳定。更多还原

【Abstract】 The question weather economic reform and political change in reform period of china are correlated is of great significance. And if so, what is the correlation? The economic reform not only results in private economy growth rapidly, but also gestates new business elites. They own much more economic resource, therefore has potential political influence. Thus, the relationship between economic reform and political transition can be simplified as the relationship between the private entrepreneurs and party-state. The paper tries to explain the basic relationship through analyses the intermedium—private entrepreneurs’ political impact.The research finds that many factors, including historical tradition, social structure, group cohesion and initiative all contribute to china’s private entrepreneurs’ political actions. Abstractly, the ruling party and state can shape the private entrepreneurs’ political choices. Owning to the power to control and distribute key political resources, the ruling party-state use this privilege to take political arrangement with co-optation character, and propel party organization building in private enterprises. The former bring the new business elites much more political influence, and also make their interest expression and political participation, much more devotion to the regime. The latter induce entrepreneurs to attach to the ruling party, and make the relationship between the CCP and private entrepreneurs become the "organization relationship", bring a new channel for realizing political and economic aims.The market is another factor that influences the capitalists’ political behaviors. On the one hand, marketing reform brings out business associations, and propels them to become more independent and autonomy. However, in view of the tight relationship between business associations and government, the autonomy of private entrepreneurs is just embryo. On the other hand, as the government still prominate in the market mechanism, the private entrepreneurs adopt informal method, which establish "clientelism relationship " or "symbiosis relationship" with local public officials, which respectively based on interest exchange and interest convergence.Therefore, china’s private entrepreneurs take the embedded strategy to make their political impact, namely they resort to the political participation channels and political space provided by the ruling party-state to pursue their political and economic targets, and building informal links with local officials to realize tangible material interests.In conclusion, although the economic reform bring challenge to political change in china, the ruling party and state modify its’ system and institutions to answer the challenge, which propel the development effectively and keep political stability.更多还原