资本·现代性·人

【作者】 陈宝；

【导师】 余源培；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 资本作为一个重要的理论范畴，迄今为止我们对它的理解还主要停留在经济学的层面上。其实在马克思那里，资本具有经济学、哲学的双重品格，是一个经济哲学的范畴。本文以资本为核心，重点阐述了西方经济学层面上的资本内涵、马克思对资本的理解、资本与现代性、资本与中国社会主义现代化建设、资本与人的发展、《资本论》意义的当代阐发等六个方面的问题，正确认识资本主义及其在当代的发展变化，为我们科学认识社会主义市场经济运行中资本的作用，提高驾驭社会主义市场经济能力，树立和落实科学发展观，构建社会主义和谐社会服务。对资本范畴的理解，直接影响着人们对资本所持有的一种态度。综观马克思和西方经济学对资本的理解，可以发现，这是两种不同的理论体系。通过对这两种不同理论体系的比较研究，我们可以从中得到许多有益的启示。马克思的资本理论的内容非常丰富。他科学地分析了资本的本质、资本的形式、资本的生产职能、资本原始积累等问题。尽管马克思是在他那个时代研究了资本，不可避免地受到一定历史条件的限制，但马克思所揭示的资本直到今天仍是社会生产力发展整体水平的历史必然存在。马克思所讲的资本具有重要的方法论意义。资本原则是构成当今社会最基本的原则。对于资本，我们要历史地、辩证地看待它在人类社会发展过程中的积极作用和消极作用。资本是支配社会资源、支配现代经济社会运动的力量，是构造社会经济和文化体系的深层力量。资本创造了无数的人间奇迹，也产生出无穷的经济问题、生态问题与社会问题。在当代国际社会，起根本作用的依然是资本的霸权，离开了资本的霸权根本不可能理解现代社会。我们不能离开资本逻辑来理解现代性问题。资本的产生与扩张过程，是理解现代性生成和成长过程的主线。资本的现代性是理性现代性的现实基础。资本和现代性问题不仅是作为观念给予我们的，而且是作为社会过程给予我们的。现代性和资本已经成为我们时代真正的问题。资本是人类社会发展不可逾越的一个阶段，资本不仅典型存在于资本主义社会，也可表现在社会主义初级阶段。在社会主义初级阶段，发展社会主义经济不可避免地要利用与资本主义生产方式相联系的东西。我们选择社会主义市场经济来完成社会主义初级阶段的历史任务，就是要最大限度地利用资本主义生产方式中积极的方面，就是要通过这种方式不断地为合格的社会主义积累基础，就是要在“资本主义时代的成就的基础上”，搭建发展合格的社会主义所必须的起点。资本主义市场经济发展的历史告诉我们，市场经济的迅速发展是与资本积极介入分不开的。中国要实现现代化，必须充分发挥资本推动生产力发展的巨大作用。同时，我们要警惕资本在社会主义经济实践中的负面影响。我们应在“发展资本”和“限制资本”之间寻求一种动态的平衡，努力构建社会主义和谐社会。人是社会历史发展的主体，这是马克思全部思想的根本命题。如何从资本的角度看待人的发展，这是马克思资本理论的又一重要主题。马克思曾经充分地肯定了资本在生产和发展上的积极作用，认为它为未来社会的发展进步奠定了物质基础。资本的本质不是物，而是以物为媒介的人与人之间的关系。资本具有促进人的发展的实践功能。当然，从资本的功能讲，它追求的目标是财富，而不是人的全面发展。因此，在一定领域，资本必然会以牺牲人本身的发展来发展生产力，造成人的物性化和异化，这当然是我们应当尽量避免和克服的。对资本与人的发展之间的关系我们应当持有一个基本态度：保持“发展资本”和“限制资本”之间的张力，在这个张力中间努力促进人的自由而全面发展。“以人为本”的科学发展观是促进人的全面发展的当代文明样式。迄今为止，在当今社会占主导地位的力量仍然是国际资本力量。正因为如此，马克思资本理论对于我们的时代仍有不可替代的作用。马克思资本理论最集中体现在《资本论》之中。我们仍然生活在《资本论》所揭示的时代。理论最终总是要运用于实践之中，指导实践的发展。因此，马克思资本理论对我们时代的意义也就集中表现为对《资本论》当代意义的阐发。更多还原

【Abstract】 Capital is regarded as an important economic category. In fact, capital possesses the double characters of both the economy and the philosophy in Marxism. It is one category of both the economy and the philosophy. The text mainly expounds the meaning of capital in the western economics, the meaning of capital in the Marxism, capital and the modernity, capital and the socialist construction, capital and the human development, the contemporary significance of The Capital, etc. These help us know the function of capital in the socialist market economy, improve the ability of reining the socialist market economy, build up and carry out the scientific concept of development, construct the socialist harmonious society.The understanding of capital affects us hold a sort of the attitude to capital. Making a comprehensive view of the meaning of capital in Marxism and the western economic ,we find they are the two different system info. We can get hold of many beneficial reveals via comparing the two different system info.The content of the theory of the Marxian capital is extraordinary enrichment. Marx scientifically analyzes the essence of capital, the form of capital, the function of the production of capital, the original accumulation of capital. etc. Though Marx study capital in his era, having the restriction of the special system and the developing level of the productivity, capital being opened out by Marx is still the historically necessary existence of the wholly developing level of the productivity. Capital being related by Marx takes on the important methodological meaning.The principle of capital is the most elementary principle of the contemporary society. We must historically and debatedly look on the affirmated and negated effect of capital in the developing process of the social society. Capital is the force which controls the social resource and the contemporary economical society. Capital is the deep force which constructs the socially economic and cultural system. Capital creates countless miracles of the world, and brings the infinitude economic problems, zoological problems and social problems. The logic of capital which produces the good and the evil of the contemporary society constructs the contemporary society. In the presently international world, it is the supreme of capital that controls the world. We can not understand the problem of the modernity without the logic of capital. The process which capital produces and expands is the masterstroke which we comprehend the shaping process of the modernity. The modernity of capital is the true base of the rational modernity. The problem of capital and the modernity is not only the ideas but also the social process. The modernity and capital have become the true problem of our times.Capital is an impassable phase. Capital is not the special phenomenon of the capitalism. The socialism also has capital, and we can handle capital in our socialist construction. In the socialist primary phase, in order to develop the socialist economy, we must utilize the thing of the capitalism. It is the socialist market economy which we choose that can accomplish the historic task of the socialist primary phase, farthest utilizes the producing mode of the capitalism, accumulates capital for the eligible socialism, and build the jumping-off point of the eligible socialism, which establishes the base of the achievements of the capitalistic time. It is the history of the capitalistic market economy that tells us that the rapid growth of the market economy needs capital’s intervention. In order to realize the modernization, China must sufficiently exert the great function of capital driving the productivity. At the same time, we must look out the bad influence of capital in our socialist construction. We should seek a sort of dynamic balance between developing capital into restricting capital, try our best to fabricate the socialist harmonious society.The man is the main body of the social history , which is the fundamental proposition of the Marxian whole ideas. How to look on the problem of capital from the view of the man, it is also an important subject of Marxian theory of capital. Marx once fully affirm the good influence of capital, think it establishes the physical base of the intending society.The essence of capital is not the matter, but the interpersonal connection according to the matter. Capital possesses the practical function of the liberating and developing the man. Of course, from the view of capital, the pursuing aim of capital is the fortune, not the human development in all directions. Therefore, capital develops the productivity by sacrificing the development of the man. The capital can work the dissimilation of the man, which we should avoid and conquer it. We should hold one basic attitude between capital into the human development, keeping the strain between developing capital into restricting capital, advancing the all-around development of the man in the strain. The people-oriented scientific concept of development is the presently civilized mode which can advance the all-around development of the man.So far, the international capital is the main force in the present world. Therefore, the theory of the Marxian capital is very important in our times. The theory of the Marx’s capital focusfully exists in The Capital. We live in the times which The Capital opens out. The theory should be handled in the practice finally, instructed the development of the practice. Therefore, the meaning of the theory of the Marxian capital for our times exists in the contemporary significance of The Capital.更多还原