【作者】 宋海春；

【导师】 栾雪飞；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中共党史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 在近现代的民主政治中,执政党、宪法与宪政已成为民主政治不可或缺的基本元素。在长期的民主政治实践中,它们各自都形成了鲜明的特征和丰富的内涵,并彼此相互关联。对于由政党推动宪政发展的国家来说,执政党的宪法思想对宪法和宪政的发展起到了重要的指导作用。在借鉴西方资产阶级宪法思想的基础上,孙中山结合当时的国情,创造性地提出了人民有权、五权宪法、以党治国、权能分治等宪法思想。虽然蒋介石南京政府仍以孙中山的宪法思想为指导,但大地主、大资产阶级政权所实施的“宪政”,无非是维护一党专制的反动统治。这不仅与现代宪法的精神格格不入,也背离了孙中山民主性、革命性的宪法思想。正因为蒋介石南京政府所实施的所谓“宪政”失去人民的拥护,失败就在所难免。马克思恩格斯在空想社会主义理论的基础上,在深刻揭露和批判资产阶级的宪法思想的阶级本质及其虚伪性的过程中,及时总结巴黎公社的基本经验,阐明了关于国家权力的归属、配置、运行和监督的宪法思想。在领导俄国革命和苏维埃政权建设的过程中,列宁发展了马克思主义的宪法思想,并领导制定了世界历史上第一部人民民主宪法。在领导人民进行新民主主义革命的实践中,中国共产党始终以马克思主义经典作家的宪法思想为指导,并结合国情,初步形成了不同于资产阶级民主的新民主主义(人民民主)的宪法思想,并指导着新民主主义的宪政实践,为社会主义宪法思想的产生和宪政实践积累了丰富的经验,奠定了坚实的基础。新中国成立后,中国共产党对如何规范国家权力、保障人权的认识尚不成熟,社会主义宪政实践也一度停止不前。十一届三中全会以来,中国共产党及时纠正“左”的错误,在结合中国国情的基础上,进一步将马克思主义宪法思想中国化,逐步形成了具有中国特色的人民民主专政、人民代表大会、依法治国、人民监督与制约的社会主义(人民民主)宪法思想。并有力地指导着社会主义立宪、行宪和护宪的宪政实践。从中国百年宪政发展史上看,国共两党宪法思想都是近现代中国宪法思想的重要组成部分,二者在最初的立宪目的都是为了救国,都是西方文明与中国国情相结合的产物,都在中国不同的宪政阶段发挥着作用等方面相近,但是,正由于二者在规范国家权力、保障人权的宪法思想内涵上,在阶级、社会和组织等宪法思想的实践基础上有着本质的不同,因而国共两党宪法思想在中国宪政发展中起着不同的作用,结果也不同。“依法执政首先要依宪执政”。这表明中国共产党深化了对执政规律的认识。党依宪执政凸显出宪法至上的宪政原则,强化了党执政的合宪性基础,是“党必须在宪法和法律范围内活动”原则的具体化,其内在地要求党的宪法思想的与时俱进。市场经济体制的建立以及由此所引发的国家与社会的二元化、经济多元化基础之上的文化价值多元化,奠定了中国共产党宪法思想与时俱进的经济与社会基础。在依宪执政的背景下,中国共产党的宪法思想应从注重确认、保障国家权力思想向规范国家权力思想转变,由义务占很大比重的狭隘的权利思想向权利本位、保障人权的思想转变,并大胆吸收、借鉴其他政党的经验教训和认识成果。更多还原

【Abstract】 In modern democratic politics, the ruling party, the constitution and constitutionalism are basic indispensable elements. Their individual features, connotations and mutual relations became gradually apparent in the long practices of democratic politics. In countries where constitutionalism is promoted by parties, the constitutional thoughts of the ruling party play an important role in the development of the constitution and constitutionalism.Combing the constitutional thoughts of western bourgeois with the particular situation in China, Sun Yat-sen creatively brought forward his constitutional thoughts: people entitled with power, the constitution of five powers, party ruling, partition of power, etc. Although the Nanjing Government of Chiang Kai-shek was guided by the Sun Yat-sen’s constitutional thoughts, the constitutionalism practiced by the lord proprietors and big bourgeois was only to maintain the highly centralized despotism of the reactionaries. This is not consistent with what modern constitutionalism proposes, and even violates the democratic and revolutionary constitutional thoughts of Sun Yat-sen. The“constitutionalism”of the Nanjing Government failed inevitably because it could not win the support of the people.Basing on the theory of utopian socialism, Marx and Engels summarized the experience of the Paris Commune, and clarified the constitutional thoughts of power ascription, configuration, operation and supervision in the process of exploring and criticizing the essence and deceptiveness of the bourgeois constitutionalism. In leading the Russian Revolution and setting up the Soviet government, Lenin developed the constitutional thoughts of Marx and initiated the first people’s democratic constitution.In the practice of neo-democratic revolution, the Chinese Communist Party, bearing the Chinese situation in mind, has been guided by the constitutional thoughts of Marxist classic writers, and has formed a preliminary neo-democratic constitutional thought, and directed the neo-democratic constitutional practice. Profound experience has been accumulated and a solid foundation has been established for the production of socialist constitution and constitutionalism.When the People’s Republic of China was firstly established, the Chinese Communist Party was not fully developed in terms of how the nation power should be regulated and how human right can be protected. Socialist constitutionalism, therefore, stagnated. Since the Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, the Chinese Communist Party corrected her leftist mistakes and flourished the Marxist constitutional thoughts according to the Chinese national conditions, gradually forming a kind of socialist constitutionalism, featuring in people’s democratic leadership, the People’s Congress, law abiding people supervisory and control, which directed the practice of establishment, implement and protection of socialist constitution.The hundred years of Chinese history of constitutional development shows that the constitutional thoughts of Chinese Communist Party and Kuomintang are both important components in modern Chinese constitutional thoughts. The initial aims of establishing constitutions were both at rescuing the nation, and they were both products of western civilization combined with the Chinese national situation. And they played similar roles in their respective constitutions. Nevertheless, owing to their essential differences in constitutional thoughts of regulating nation power, protecting of human rights, and even in practical foundation of class, society and organization, they differed greatly in the effects and results on the development of constitutionalism in China.“Ruling by law should be realized, first of all, by ruling by constitution.”This understanding indicates that the Chinese Communist Party has deepened the understanding of the regularity of ruling. To rule by constitution reflects the constitutional principle of paramount importance of constitution and enhances the constitutional foundation of the ruling of the Chinese communist party. It reflects the principle that“Parties should activate within the boundaries of the constitution and law”and embodies the idea that“Party thoughts must be changed with time”. The establishment of market economy, the duality of the nation and the society, as well as the multi-various cultural value induced by multi-various economy, have set up an economical and social foundation of changing with time for the Chinese Communist Party. Ruling by constitution, the Chinese Communist Party has to rectify its thinking from focusing on recognizing and protecting nation power to regulating nation power, from the narrow point of view of duty playing to power exercising itself and human right protecting. Other parties can be taken as mirrors in terms of their lessons, experiences and knowledge.更多还原