【作者】 时胜国；

【导师】 杨德森；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 水声工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 矢量水听器是由传统的声压水听器和质点振速水听器复合而成，可以同步、共点测量声场空间一点处的声压和质点振速的三个正交分量，这不仅有助于改善水声系统的性能，而且也拓宽了信号处理空间。矢量水听器具有良好的低频指向性、较强的抑制各向同性噪声能力等诸多优点，也为解决水声问题提供了新的思路和方法。随着矢量水听器技术的日益成熟以及在军事需求牵引下，矢量水听器技术已被广泛地应用于水声各领域，目前成为水声界最为活跃的研究方向之一。但矢量水听器技术是一项新兴技术，其信号处理方法和工程应用的潜力还有待深入研究。本文在回顾矢量水听器技术发展及其工程应用研究的基础上，以矢量水听器在水下作战平台上的应用为研究背景，对同振式矢量水听器的设计理论、弹性悬挂系统的动力学特性以及水下工作平台近场声散射和随机晃动等对矢量水听器测向性能的影响等方面进行了系统、全面的理论和试验研究。本文首先以同振式振速水听器的测量原理为基础，从理论上系统性地分析了同振式矢量水听器的声波接收理论和弹性悬挂系统的动力学特性，建立了矢量水听器理论分析方法；推导了自由运动刚性球体和弹性球体声波接收响应数学表达式，分析了振速水听器几何尺寸、平均密度与其频响特性曲线之间的关系；推导了矢量水听器声压接收响应数学表达式，得到了振速水听器表面上的声压分布规律以及声压水听器的声波接收压力系数与其接收面的大小、质点振速水听器的半径、布放的位置和半径等参数之间的关系。另外，还建立了矢量水听器—弹性悬挂系统受力分析模型，并从理论上分析了系统的谐振频率及其对矢量水听器声波接收响应的幅值和相位影响。本文以水下弹性球壳为研究对象，从理论上研究了弹性球壳近场声散射和声透射对矢量水听器声场测量的影响；推导了平面声波在弹性球壳上近场声散射和声透射的矢量声场数学表达式，计算了不同壳体参数下内充空气弹性球壳声散射和内充水弹性球壳声透射矢量声场对矢量水听器各通道声波接收响应幅值和相位以及各通道接收指向性的影响。理论分析表明：弹性球壳近场声散射对矢量水听器接收声场的影响具有明显的频率特性；而弹性球壳透射声场对矢量水听器接收声场的影响与水听器安装位置密切相关，水听器安装偏差对其声场测量影响比较大。本文针对矢量水听器在水下平台上应用所面临的实际情况，从矢量水听器各通道幅度及相位的不一致性、平台近场声散射和随机晃动等几个方面对矢量水听器目标定向性能的影响进行了系统研究。从理论上分析了矢量水听器各通道幅度及相位不一致性对其目标定向精度的影响；建立了平台近场声散射对矢量水听器目标定向性能影响计算模型，分析了入射声波信号频率和入射角度以及矢量水听器安装位置对目标定向的影响；建立了随机晃动平台运动模型，分析了观测平台随机晃动所引起的测向误差。文中对比分析上述三种测向误差的影响特点，提出了相应的修正和降低测向误差的方法和措施。通过弹性壳体近场声散射对矢量水听器声场测量和目标定向性能影响的水池试验研究，进一步分析了水下弹性球壳、两端带半球帽柱壳和两端封闭短柱壳近场声散射对矢量水听器声波接收响应的频率特性、接收指向性以及对目标测向性能影响，验证了理论分析结果的正确性，也为矢量水听器下一步的实际工程应用提供了试验基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The vector hydrophone(VH) is combined by traditional sound pressure hydrophone and particle velocity hydrophone. It can colocately and synchronously measures sound pressure and all three orthogonal components of particle velocity at the same location in acoustic field, which is possible to improve performance of traditional underwater acoustic systems and broaden signal processing space. It has many advantages such as good directivity at low frequency and strong ability to immunize isotropic noise and can provides new ideas and methods for solving practical underwater acoustic engineering problems. With VH’s maturity in technology and military demands, the VH is widely applied to all fields of underwater acoustic engineering, at present, it has become one of the most active research direction of underwater acoustic techonology.Based on the development and actuality of the VH technology and its application, the design theory of the co-oscillating VH, the influences of the dynamic properties of compliantly suspension system and near-field scattering and sway of underwater platform on the direction finding performance of the VH are all comprehensive and systemically studied in both theory and experiment.First of all, based on measurement principle of the co-oscillating VH, the sound wave receiving theory of the co-oscillating VH is systemically analyzed in theory, together with the dynamic properties of the compliantly suspension system, and the VH theoretically anlysis method is established. The expressions of sound wave receiving response of both unconstrained rigid sphere and elastic sphere in an acoustic plane-wave field are derived, and the relationship between the frequency response curves of velocity hydrophone and its geometrical dimension and density. The expression of pressure receiving response of the VH is derived, and the laws of the pressure distribution on the surface of velocity hydrophone and relationships between the pressure receiving coefficient of the VH and the parameters, such as the dimensions of the receiving surface, the radius of the velocity hydrophone, the layout position and radius of sound pressure hydrophone. Besides, the analyzing model of the VH-suspension system is established, and the resonant frequency of the system and its influence on the amplitude and phase of sound wave receiving responses of the VH is studied theoretically.The influences of the near-field scattering and sound transmission of the elastic spherical shell on the results of the VH measurement are studied in theory. The expressions of sound vector field of the scattering and transmission of plane wave on spherical shell, the influences of which on the amplitude and phase of sound wave receiving response and receiving directivity diagram of the VH are calculated, are derived. The theoretically analysis show that the influence of near-field scattering of the spherical shell on the receiving sound field of the VH is obviously frequency dependent, while the influence of sound transmission of the spherical shell on the receiving sound field of the VH depends mainly on the installation position of hydrophone, and the installation excursion influences largely on the results of measurement of hydrophone.Aiming at the practical situation when the VH is applied to underwater platform, the target direction finding performance of the VH are systemically studied in several aspects as channel variances in amplitude and phase characteristics, sound scattering of the platform and its random sway in water. The direction finding accuracy error due to channel variances in amplitude and phase characteristics is analyzed theoretically. Based on the established calculation model of influences on direction finding by near-field scattering of platform, the influences on direction finding accuracy by the incident wave frequency and the incident angle and the installation position of hydrophone are analyzed. Besides, the movement model of the random sway platform is established, and the direction finding error due to the random sway of the observation platform is analyzed. The characteristic of three kind of direction finding error mentioned above are compared and analyed, and the methods of eliminating and decreasing influence on direction finding error are proposed.The experiment on influence of near-field sound scattering of elastic shell on the sound field measurement of the VH and its target direction finding performance are carried in the tank and anechoic tank. The influences on sound wave receiving responses and receiving directivity diagram of the VH and its target direction finding performance by the scattering of the elastic spherical shell, the cylindrical shell with hemi-spherical caps on the ends and short cylindrical shell with the circular plate on the ends are analyzed, respectively. The experimental results validated the results of theoretical analysis, and also lay the experimental foundation for the future practical application of the VH in underwater acoustic engineering.更多还原