大学生就业能力结构的研究

【作者】 贾利军；

【导师】 傅宏；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 日益兴起的大学生就业能力研究是基于以下现实：首先，伴随高等教育的迅猛发展和招生规模的不断扩大，大学生就业问题日益得到社会各界的高度关注。可以说，当前的大学生就业问题直接关系到学生个体自我价值的实现，我国高等教育的有序、健康发展以及整个社会的和谐稳定。与此同时，伴随全球一体化进程的加剧，整个世界范围内的国际竞争越来越倾向于高级要素的竞争，在诸多高级要素中，青年国民就业能力以其至关重要的作用成为世界发达国家关注的焦点。从一定意义上来说，一个国家的青年国民(大学生)的就业能力决定了该国未来的国际地位。本研究正是基于以上事实，立足中国国情，着重探讨当代大学生就业能力的结构问题。为了探讨这样一个复杂的社会——心理结构，研究者采取了质化与量化相结合的方式，这是因为就业能力是一种极其复杂的社会心理现象，如果仅仅采用某一种方法研究就业能力，则很难窥其全貌，可能只是获得部分信息，而忽视、遗漏了许多其他有用信息，这样就难以做出全面、准确的结论。为了使对就业能力的研究更加科学、可靠与有效，综合地采用这两种方法，有利于在两种方法之间取长补短，也可以对两种方法所得的结果进行比较和验证，从而提高研究结果的可靠性和科学性。为此，研究首先采用开放式问卷进行调查，在调查的基础上参考前人的研究理论并进行了对大学生就业能力结构的理论建构；在获得大学生就业能力的理论建构后，研究者据此并参考相关量表，编制了大学生就业能力自评量表初始问卷；而后，研究者使用自编的大学生就业能力自评量表初始问卷，选取了适当的样本进行了测试。对测试结果的项目分析与项目筛选形成了1份由80个条目组成的大学生就业能力自评量表正式问卷。对正式问卷的探索性因素分析表明：大学生就业能力是一个多层次、多纬度的复杂系统。它主要由大学生社会兼容度、就业人格和准职业形象构成。其中，社会兼容度包括解决问题能力、社会化行为、积极主动性、内在修养、日常生活安排和独立性；就业人格包括团队合作能力、情绪稳定性、社交能力、沟通能力和环境适应性；准职业形象包括生活态度倾向、谈吐、精神风貌、礼仪性和工作取向，这与本研究的前期理论构建基本吻合。同时，本研究的研究者还进行了关于大学生就业能力的个案研究。在选取了具有代表性的研究对象后，研究者对其进行了全方位访谈，在对访谈结果按照科学的流程与方法分析后发现，个案研究显示的就业能力结构包括做人和做事两个方面，其中做人方面包括与人为善、有礼貌、自信乐观、体谅别人；做事方面包括：积极主动、思路清晰、团队精神和纪律性。对于这样一个结果，如果剔除归类视角的不同，它无疑与上一个研究的结果大致是相同的。因此可以说，整体研究的最终显示和最初的理论构想是吻合的。本研究探究了当代大学生就业能力的结构，丰富了能力心理学的研究内容。在此基础上编制的大学生就业能力自评量表对于大学生的自我提高以及高校就业指导工作的开展应该说都有一定的帮助。但与此同时，关于就业能力研究方法的进一步丰富和饱满，以及就业能力研究内容的进一步深入都是本研究未来关注的重点。更多还原

【Abstract】 The emerging research on college students’ employability based on the following facts: first, with the rapid development of higher education and the continuous expansion of enrollment, the society is gradually paying more attention to college students’ employment. It’s safe to say the college students’ employment is relevant to the fulfillment of their self-value. Moreover, our higher education is improving orderly and healthily in the harmonious society. In the intensified process of globalization, the international competition tends to be the competition of advanced factors. Among these factors, the youth’s employability and its importance become the focus of the developed countries. In the future, college students’ employability is to some extent decisive to the country’sposition in the world.Based on the above facts and China’s situation, this research concentrates on the structure of college students’ employment capability. In order to study the psychological structure in such a complex society, the researcher adopts both qualitative and quantitative methodologies; otherwise it would skip or miss part of the key information rather than get the overview so that it would be difficult to make a complete and correct conclusion. The combination of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies is conducive to the comparison and validation of respective results so that the reliability and scientific basis of research conclusion can be improved while the disadvantages of either research methodology can be made up by the other’s advantages.Therefore, the research was started by questionnaires with opening questions and then conducted the theoretic construction of college students’ employment by consulting the previous research theories, which is followed by initial questionnaire of measure table for college students’ employability based on relevant measure tables. Afterwards, the researchers select proper samples for testing with the above-mentioned questionnaire. The project analysis and screening upon the research results lead to a formal questionnaire of the measure table for the self-evaluation on college students’ employability totally with eighty items. The analysis of exploratory factor in formal questionnaire shows that the employability of college students is a multi-leveled and multi-dimensioned complex system, including their social compatibility, working personality and prospective career image. Among them, social compatibility includes the problem-solving ability, socialized behavior, active and positive attitude, internal cultivation, daily schedule and independence; working personality includes such aspects as team-work ability, stable emotion, social communication ability, interpersonal skill and environmental adaptation; prospective career image includes attitude towards life, speaking skill, spirit, etiquette and job intention. All above is coincident with the early theoretical construction in this research; meanwhile, the researchers concerned conducted the case study upon the employability of college students. After the selection of typical research objectives, the researchers interviewed them in an all-round way. On the basis of scientific flowing and methodological analysis, the case study shows that the structure of employability is represented in two aspects, one of which is how to behave themselves, that is, being friendly, polite, confident, optimistic and considerate and the other is how to do well, meaning being equipped with active attitude, clear mind, team-work spirit and discipline. There’s no doubt that the result is almost in agreement with the result of the previous research if getting ride of the perspective category difference. So the final conclusion of the whole research is identical with the initial theoretical hypothesis.This research studies the structure of the college students’ employability and enriches the study on capability psychology. The measure table of evaluation for college students’ employability is helpful for their self-improvement and beneficial for the career guidance given by the universities. At the same time, how to further enrich research methodology about employability and how to carry out the in-depth study on its contents would be focused by this research in the near future.更多还原