自由与权力：弱势群体权利保护研究

【作者】 于建星；

【导师】 高兆明；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文从哲学—伦理学层面、以自由与自由实现的能力为核心，展开对弱势群体权利及其保护问题的研究。本文认为，人是自由的，现代社会成员具有平等的基本自由权利，然而，人的平等基本自由权利的真实实现有赖于当事者自由权利实现的能力。本文将权力理解为自由权利实现的能力，这种作为自由权利实现能力的权力决定着人的自由存在状况。权利规定了“可以”、“应当”，权力则表示“能够”、“实现”。本文所说“弱势群体”是在社会结构分层维度使用、并用以揭示社会成员在社会结构中关系状态的概念。弱势群体是指那些在社会结构分层中居于社会底层、处于相对弱小位置的社会群体，这个群体的平等基本自由权利因自身权力的不足而易受损害且难于被保障。本文通过对“契约”与“身份”两个概念的特殊解释，揭示了现代社会弱势群体形成的两个基本原因：一是由于各种原因所造成的在市场经济活动中的自由竞争能力的弱小，一是在社会公共生活中对公共政策制定与实施的影响能力的弱小。前者呈现为自由竞争中的事实上的不平等，后者呈现为制度性安排中的不正义。对弱势群体权利的保护，不仅仅是出于悲悯情怀的道义要求，以及提高社会整体福利的功利要求，更是出于自由权利普遍实现的类的自由存在要求。保护弱势群体的基本自由权利，就是为了我们所有人的平等基本自由权利的真实实现。对弱势群体权利保护，既应有政府加强基本制度供给、实施积极救助的政府救助，也应有社会慈善救助，更应当有弱势群体自身的自我救助。增强公民意识与公民精神，提高主体意识与主体精神，在积极参与社会公共生活过程中，提高自身的自由实现能力，这是弱势群体自我救助的基本路径。只有当弱势群体权利能够得到有效保护时，才可能有真正的和谐社会。更多还原

【Abstract】 The main theme of this dissertation is concerned with freedom and the capacity of realizing it. The research focuses on the rights of social vulnerable groups and their protection from the philosophical and ethical perspective.In this dissertation, 1 argue that human beings are free and each equally has the fundamental rights of freedom. However, the realization of those rights depends upon the agent’s capability of realizing them. I take the notion of power as a capability of realizing the rights of freedom. Whether a person is free depends upon whether he or she has such a capability. Rights define "permissible" and "ought," but power defines "can" and "realization."The concept of "social vulnerable groups" is used in the sense of social structure stratification. I use it to reveal the relationships among the members of the society in the social structure. Social vulnerable groups are in a relatively weaker status in a society and in the bottom of the social stratified structure. The vulnerability or the unprotection of their rights of freedom is due to their lacking power of realizing them.By the analysis of the two concepts of "contract" and "status," I point out two different causes of the formation of modern social vulnerable groups: weak or weaker capability of competing with others in a free market and weak or weaker capability of influencing the making and the implementation of public policies in a social life. The former indicates the actual inequality in the free competition and the latter indicates the injustice in social institutions.The protection of the rights of social vulnerable groups is not only the requirement of conscience or benevolence or the principle of utility, but also the requirement of the universal realization of the rights of freedom of human beings as a kind. The purpose of the protection of fundamental rights of freedom of social vulnerable groups is to realize the equal freedom rights for all of us.The measures of the protection of the rights of the vulnerable groups should include the self-aids of themselves, as well as the regular welfare systems through the government, emergent governmental aids and charity funds collected from the society. The ways of realizing the self-aids of the vulnerable groups include strengthening self-consciousness of being a citizen, improving the agents’ education, and promoting the capability of realizing their own rights of freedom by participating in public affairs. Only when the rights of the vulnerable groups are effectively protected can the society be in a harmonious state.更多还原