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介子、重子和轻核(氘,氦-3)的产生:RHIC能区金金对撞试验中对系统freeze-out动力学以及高动量部分子性质和作用的研究

Production of Meson, Baryon and Light Nuclei(A=2,3): Investigating Freeze-out Dynamics and Roles of Energetic Quarks and Gluons in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

【作者】 刘海东

【导师】 汪晓莲; 许长补;

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 , 核与粒子物理, 2007, 博士

【摘要】 量子色动力学(QCD)是一种描述强相互作用的基本的规范场理论。格点QCD计算预言在高温和低重子密度的条件下会产生从普通的强子物质到一种高温、高密度、夸克解禁闭、局部热化的新物质状态—夸克胶子等离子体(QGP)的相变。美国布鲁克海汶国家实验室(BNL)的相对论重离子对撞机(RHIC)上已往的结果显示,正如格点QCD所预言,RHIC试验中的相对论重离子对撞产生了一种新的高温、高密度的物质,这种物质不能用强子物质的自由度来描述。在STAR探测器上,通过联合飞行时间谱仪(样机)(TOF)和时间投影室(TPC)中电离能损(dE/dx),π介子、质子、反质子和轻核子能够在大横动量区间被鉴别出来。在本文中,我们将给出RHIC金金200GeV对撞试验中,关于π介子、质子、反质子和轻核产生的最新结果。在对撞末态粒子中有少量轻核子,由于这些轻核的结合能很低,所以它们只能在对撞的末期通过核子的相互结合产生。因此,轻核的产生为我们研究系统的末态性质和末态演化提供了有利的工具。我们通过对氘、氦—3以及它们的反粒子在中横动量区间的不变产额和椭圆流的测量的深入研究,我们得到轻核的结合参数(B2和B3)。我们发现B2与、B31/2具有相似的值,这表示了氘、氦—3以及它们的反粒子有相似的freeze-out时刻。我们还把轻核的结合参数与π介子的HBT结果进行比较,发现在不同中心度对撞中,轻核子的结合参数和π介子的freeze-out体积成正比。我们系统地比较了不同对撞能量下的B2的值,我们发现当SNN1/2>20GeV时,氘核的freeze-out体积不随对撞能量的变化而改变。通过对中横动量轻核椭圆流的测量,我们发现氘核与反氘核的v2在误差范围内服从组分核子数(A)的标度不变性;而氦核与反氦核的v2却在一定程度上偏离核子数的标度不变性。我们还测量了低横动量的反氘核的v2,这是RHIC上观测到的第一个负值椭圆流。通过对Blast-wave模型的比较和研究,我们发现重粒子(氘)的负值椭圆流与大径向流图像相吻合。另外,通过对不同对撞系统(AA,pA,pp,γp,e+e-)和不同对撞能量中反氘核和反质子的产额比((?)/(?))的研究,我们发现在各种反应机制中,胶子的参与是(反)重子产生的重要条件。在本文中,我们还将给出利用我们研制的MRPC—TOF时间飞行谱仪探测器(样机)的π、p数据和时间投影室中获得的带电粒子的电离能量损失(dE/dx)的数据,发展了一种可以鉴别高动量区间的π介子和质子的新技术,将STAR的π,p的粒子鉴定横动量区间扩展到12GeV/c。通过测量带电强子(π±,p,(?))的横动量谱(0.3<pT<12GeV/c)。我们观察到在中横动量区间有相对重子加强的现象,这可以用部分子的结合模型来解释。pQCD的计算显示在穿过高温、高密的QGP时,高能胶子会比高能轻夸克(uds)损失更多的能量,因而pQCD预言在高横动量区间,中心对撞事例中重子产额会比介子有更大的压低。而我们的测量结果显示在高横动量区间,重子产额与介子产额有着相同大小的压低,这一现象揭示了夸克和胶子在QGP中的能损(dE/dx)可能与微扰QCD能损模型的预言不符,从而为高能部分子在QGP中的能损机制提供全新的实验现象。

【Abstract】 In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, a high temperature matter with strong interactions is produced. The Lattice QCD calculations predict a phase transition from hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma state, where the quarks are believed to be deconfined. In this thesis, we report the recent STAR measurements on identified hadron and light nuclei production in Au+Au 200 GeV collisions at RHIC.Light nuclei, which have small binding energies among the constituent nucleons, are believed to be formed at the moment of the thermal freeze-out. Therefore, the production of light nuclei provides a tool to measure the freeze-out properties. Bene-fitting from the high statistic data sample taken in RHIC Run IV, we have measured the 3He((3He)|─) pT spectra and v2 at intermediate pT region (2 < pT < 6 GeV/c) and d(d) pT spectra and v2 at 1 < pT < 4 GeV/c. The coalescence parameters B2 and B3 are extracted. The low pT (0.2 < pT < 1 GeV/c) d|- v2 has also been measured. We find that B2 has the similar value with (B31/2. It indicates the d(d|-) and 3He((3He)|─) have a similar freeze-out time. We compare the B2 and (B31/2 to the pion freeze-out volume measured by HBT study. It is found that the B2 and (B31/2 are proportional to the pion freeze-out volume in various centrality collisions. The freeze-out volume is found to be constant with (sNN)1/2 at (sNN)1/2 > 20 GeV when we compare our results to the low energy results. The d + d|- v2 is found to follow the atomic mass number (A) scaling within errors and we observe a deviation of 3He + (3He)|─v2 from the A scaling. The first negative v2 at RHIC has been observed for low pT d|- in mid-central collisions. This is consistent with a large radial flow scenario. We have systematically studied the anti-baryon phase space density inferred from d|-/p|- measurements in various collision systems at various energies. It is found that the anti-baryon density at the final-state coalescence saturates when the process from different collisions involving gluons.We use the particle identification capability of the STAR TPC and TOF detectors to measure theπ±and p(p|-) spectra in large transverse momentum range (0.3 < pT < 12 GeV/c). The relative baryon enhancement is observed in central collision and this can be explain by the partonic coalescence phenomena. At high pT, the suppressions of meson and baryon are observed to be the same, which are not consistent with the partonic energy loss calculation of pQCD. This points to possible phenomena beyond pQCD energy loss in a strong interacting matter.

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