我国北方白瓷创烧时期的工艺相关研究

【作者】 朱铁权；

【导师】 王昌燧； 毛振伟；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 中国是瓷器的发源地，中国瓷器精湛的制作工艺和悠久的发展历史皆令世人惊叹不已。长期以来，古陶瓷研究，特别是中国的古陶瓷研究，始终为科技考古领域的热点和重点之一。白瓷的创烧与成熟是我国古代陶瓷发展史上一项伟大的技术革命与进步，它的出现不仅打破了青瓷一统天下的局面，而且更为后世各种精细白瓷和彩绘瓷的产生与发展，奠定了一个不可或缺的工艺基础。不仅如此，我国白瓷技术的发展与传播对世界其他的地方制瓷业的发展也产生了巨大的影响。因此，白瓷的起源及其发展已成为我国、乃至世界古陶研究中的一个重要课题。论文第一章主要依据考古资料的总结，追溯了我国北方白瓷出现的时间、地点以及典型窑口，同时结合大量的历史文献，以及前人的研究成果，从政治因素、社会习俗与宗教、制瓷原料与燃料、制瓷工艺等方面，对白瓷率先在我国北方地区烧制成功的原因进行了论述。最后，分析了我国北方白瓷研究的现状，并且提出本论文的研究内容。论文第二章主要将古陶瓷研究中常用的科技方法，做了一个简单的介绍与展望。论文第三章以安阳窑、灵芝窑、邢窑等窑口的系列样品为研究对象，利用色度仪、能量色散X射线荧光探针仪、体视显微镜、偏光显微镜、热膨胀仪等仪器，对样品进行了相关的分析测试，结果发现原料的精挑细选，化妆土的使用、薄釉工艺以及较低的温度都曾是导致白瓷出现的主要技术因素。但不同窑口，同一窑口不同时期，窑工们可能尝试不同的技术方法来提高瓷器的颜色及质量。论文第四章以我国北方地区不同种类的制瓷粘土为研究对象，从高岭土的地质成因、化学组成、瓷胎的模拟烧制等方面，证实了我国北方地区存在一种粘土，符合成瓷的标准，同时与古陶瓷早期白瓷在化学组成(主量元素与微量元素)、物理性能等方面较为相近，推测我国北方早期白瓷胎料应属一元配方。论文第五章从胎釉的化学组成、显微结构、烧成温度等方面，对我国北方地区早期的粗白瓷与中晚期精细白瓷进行了相关的对比研究。结果表明，精细白瓷的胎料采用一种高铝低硅、低铁钛的粘土作为胎的主要原料，巩窑精细白瓷胎中高含量的氧化钾，可能源于胎料中添加了一种富钾矿物原料，并且这种矿物中应含有一定量的云母；同时，精细白瓷中助熔剂的含量，普遍偏低，以适应较高的烧成温度；精细白瓷胎釉之间析晶或者析晶层的存在对于精细白瓷质量的提高，也起到一定的作用；此外，隋代晚期，匣钵的出现与使用，亦为烧制高质量的精细白瓷，提供了一定的条件。论文第六章首先简述了我国陶瓷原料的发展历程，同时总结不同种类制瓷原料的特点及其作用。在此基础之上，结合我国北方制瓷原料以及瓷胎的化学组成、显微特征，对我国北方白瓷瓷胎的配方区分问题进行了初步的探讨与展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is well known that China is the initial provenance of the ancient porcelain, moreover, the fine porcelain-making technology in China and its long history of development amazes the world. So, for a long time, the ancient ceramic research, especially Chinese ancient ceramic research, has been one of most focus in archaeometry.The invention & development of White porcelain is a great technological innovation and progress in Chinese history, which not only broke the monopoly of celadon, but also provided a basis for the production of all kinds of colored porcelains. In addition, the transmission of the firing technology of white porcelain greatly influenced the development of porcelain industry in other place of the world. So the origin and development of white porcelain have been one most important research project in china, even in the world.In the first chapter, based on the archeological research and historical literature, the period, place, and the typical kiln where the white porcelains firstly appeared in the north of China, have been introduced and fatherly proved. Moreover, the reason why the white porcelain was not firstly fired successfully in the south of china where the firing technology of celadon have developed fairly matured, but in the north, were discussed from the following aspects: the political factors, the social custom &Relizon, the porcelain material & fuel distributed in the north of China, the development of technology of porcelain making. Finally, the current research situation of the white porcelain was summarized, as well as the research content of the thesis.In the second chapter, the Scientific methods usually employed in the ancient ceramics research were chiefly introduced.In the third chapter, samples from Anyang kiln, lingzhi kiln, and Xing kiln were analyzed, by using Colorimetry, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Stereo & Petrographic Microscopy, Dilatometer and so on. The analysis indicates the potters have attempted to improve the quality of celadon by methods of the finer choosing & manufacturing of porcelains clay, the adoption of the Huazhuangtu （a kind of porcelain clay with high content of alumina and low iron and titanium） and the control of firing temperature, all of which eventually led to the appearance of white porcelains. However, in the different kilns or different times of the same times, potters maybe adopt different methods to improve the quality of white porcelains.In the fourth chapter, different types of clays in the north of China were colleted and analyzed, and then it is proved that body material of ancient white porcelains has experienced the mono-recipe in the beginning, from aspects of the analysis of chemical composition of the clays in the north of china, the simulative firing experiment of the clays, as well as the investigation of its geological mechanisms.In the fifth chapter, a comparative study on the coarse white porcelains of early period of and the fine white porcelains of middle period were carried out, from the chemical composition of body & glaze of the white porcelains , the micro-structure, firing temperature, the kiln tool and so on . the analysis indicate that Al₂O₃ in body of the fine white porcelain were rather higher than that of the coarse white porcelains ,and Fe₂O₃TiO₂ in the finer porcelains were relatively lower, and it is amazed that K₂O in the body of fine white porcelain in the Gong kiln were remarkably higher than that of coarse white porcelain ,which maybe attributed to the accession of the new clay in high content of mineral of mica. In the meantime , content of flux in glaze of the fine white porcelain were commonly lower .which should be acclimatize to the higher firing temperature. A great deal of crystalline could be clearly observed between the glaze and the body, and the existence crystalline played an important role in improving the quality of fine white porcelains. In addition, the appearance and adoption of xiabo （a kind of kiln tool, just like box to contain the porcelain）, also was one of the factors that the fine white porcelains appearance.In the sixth chapter, the development experience of ceramic material was firstly summarized, as well as the characteristics & role of ceramic material, and then questions concerning the recipes of body material of white porcelains were discussed and expected, from the chemical composition of body of white porcelains and the porcelains material in the north of china, and the micro-structure of white porcelain body.更多还原