【作者】 马良勇；

【导师】 夏英武；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 生物物理学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 水稻有利基因的发掘、遗传分析和分子定位是水稻遗传育种的主要研究内容。本研究以黔农、特矮等地方品种为材料，通过遗传和QTL定位研究，从中发现了有希望应用于育种的两个新矮秆基因，并对矮生基因与恶苗病的关系进行了探讨，通过DH群体定位了恶苗病抗性相关的QTL和株高整齐度、抽穗整齐度等株高相关性状的QTL。1、对黔农和特矮两个矮秆地方品种的矮生性遗传进行了研究。结果表明，黔农和特矮的矮生性均由2对隐性矮生基因控制，其中1对与sd-1等位，另1对与sd-1不等位；并成功地筛选出2个带有新矮生基因的材料“新黔矮”和“新特矮”，分别携带新的半矮生基因sd-q（t）和sd-e（t）。2、对新黔矮的矮生基因sd-q（t）与其他部分矮生基因的等位性进行了测定。研究表明，新矮生基因sd-q（t）与d-29、d-32、d-59、sd-g、sd-6和d-1等矮生基因均不等位。3、对携带sd-q（t）等不同矮生基因的材料进行外源植物生长调节剂处理的研究表明，不同矮生基因对外源GA₃的反应敏感性从敏感至不敏感依次为d-c（t），D-53，sd-1（籼），eui隐性高秆，特矮（sd-1，sd-e（t）），d-29，多基因矮秆（multi-dwarf），d-1，野生型高秆（tall plant），sd-6，d-32，sd-g，sd-q（t），黔农（sd-1，sd-q）；对外源PP₃₃₃反应最为敏感的是携带sd-q（t）、sd-g和eui基因的材料，最不敏感的是多基因矮秆83N1041和携带d-59的DM107-4。在非sd-1矮生基因的育种利用上，可以在苗期利用50mg／L的GA₃或30mg／L的多效唑PP₃₃₃对部分矮生基因进行有效的筛选，提高携带非sd-1矮生基因新品种的育种效率。4、利用高秆突变体ZX5T为轮回亲本，通过近等基因系的培育，开展了不同矮生基因的利用价值研究，结果表明d-1与小粒为一因多效；sd-e（t）与多蘖为一因多效；d-32、sd-6、sd-q（t）和sd-g这些半矮生基因的改良后代在育性、粒重、每穗总粒数和株高方面具有仅次于sd-1的优势，有可能作为sd-1的备用矮生基因在水稻育种上应用。5、利用32个携带不同矮生基因型的材料，通过芽期人工接种恶苗病菌和50mg／L GA₃处理，比较了矮生基因型对恶苗病和GA₃的反应。通过测量幼苗的伸长长度和恶苗病接种苗移栽后的死苗率发现：对外源GA的敏感性与对恶苗病的敏感性之间呈极显著相关；携带sd-1的材料对外源GA₃和恶苗病均表现敏感；而携带d-1基因型的材料表现对GA不敏感，但感恶苗病；而所有d-29，sd-6和sd-q（t）基因型材料表现出一定的抗性，可以作为水稻育种的抗源应用。6、对携带sd-1半矮生基因的粳稻品种春江06和籼稻品种TN1以及由它们构建的加倍单倍体（DH）群体，采用芽期接菌方法接种恶苗病菌，进行抗恶苗病微效QTL的定位分析。研究表明，携带sd-1半矮生基因的双亲均感恶苗病，仅表现感病和高感的差异，共检测到2个QTL：qB1和qB10，分别位于第1和第10染色体上，2个QTL的抗性基因都来自春江06，贡献率相近。7、利用春江06／TN1的DH群体定位了水稻株高整齐度、抽穗同步性、始穗期、齐穗期和有效穗数的QTL。共定位分布于水稻7条染色体上的12个QTL。1个抽穗同步性QTL：qHs8，位于第8染色体上，解释27.7％的变量，来自春江06的等位基因减少3.3d的抽穗历期，提高了抽穗同步性。3个株高QTL：qPhu4，qPhu10和qPhu12分别位于第4、10和12染色体上，解释变异的41.9％；2个始穗期的QTL位于第8和9染色体，各2个抽穗期和齐穗期的QTL则定位于始穗期相同的区域；2个有效穗数QTL位于第4和5染色体，解释变异的34.2％。更多还原

【Abstract】 Genetical analysis and molecular mapping for beneficial genes in rice are among major topics in rice genetic and breeding researches. In the present study, two new semidwarf genes were found from Chinese landrace, Qian-nong （QN） and Te-ai （TA）, respectively. The ralationship between semidwarf or dwarf gene and resistance to bakanae disease was analyzed, quantitive traits loci（QTL） mapping for resistance to bakanae disease, heading synchrous and plant height uniformity were carried out using the doubled haploid （DH） population.1. Genetical analysis of dwarfism in two local varieties. Results indicated that the dwarfism in QN and TA were controlled by two recesive dwarf genes, respectively, one of which was allelelic to sd-1 and the other was non-allelic to sd-1. Two lines XQA （Xin-qian-ai） and XTA （Xin-te-ai） possessing new semi-dwarf genes sd-q（t） and sd-e（t） were isolated respectively from QN and TA.2. Allelism test between sd-q（t） and other genes conferring dwarfism or semi-dwarfism indicated that sd-q（t） was non-allelic to d-29, d-32, d-59, sd-g, sd-6 and d-1.3. The response to gebberellic acid （GA₃） and PP₃₃₃ of rice varieties/lines carrying different dwarf genes and gene combinations were studied at seedling stage. Among the dwarf genes tested, the new semi-dwarf gene sd-q（t） was insensitive to GA3, whereas most of the others were sensitive. The order of sensitivity to GA3 from the higher to the lower ranked as: d-c（t）, D-53, sd-1 （indica）, i-sd-1, sd-1 and sd-e（t） combination （TA）, d-29, multi-gene combination, d-1, Sd-1 （tall plant）, sd-6, d-32, sd-g, sd-q（t） and sd-1 and sd-q（t） combination （QN）. And in PP333 tested, sd-q（t）, sd-g and eui are the most sensitivity, and multi-gene combination variety 83N1041 and DM107-4 with d-59 are the most insensitivity. The results suggested that use GA3 or PP333 was useful for screening some dwarf genes un-allelic to sd-1 at seedling stage are effective.4. Agronomic traits such as fertility, grain weight and grain number per panicle were investigated by useing NILs conducted from different dwarf genes with ZX5T as back-crossed parent. NILs with d-32, sd-g, sd-6 and sd-q（t） semi-dwarf gene had better agronomic traits, suggesting that those genes would be utilized in rice breeding to replacement the sd-1 gene.5. A total of 32 rice genotypes carrying different dwarf or semi-dwarf genes were inoculated with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, Sheldon or treated with 50mg/L GA₃ in order to select resistant resources to rice bakanae disease from the dwarfism materials. The elongated length of the seedlings was measured, and the death percentage of the seedlings after transplanted to field was also counted. Results indicated that significant correlation between elongated length of the seedling treated by GA3 and bakanae fungus was found. Rice materials carrying dwarf gene such as sd-1 were not only sensitivity to GA3 but also susceptive to rice bakanae disease. However, materials carrying dwarf gene d-1 were insensitive to GA3 but susceptive to bakanae. All materials carrying d-29, sd-6 or sd-q（t） genes showed resistant to bakanae. The present study indicated that dwarf and semi-dwarf rice materials might be useful resources for improvement of bakanae resistance in rice breeding programs.6. A japonica/indica doubled haploid （DH） population ,derived from Chunjiang06 and TN1, was used to analyze QTL for resistance to rice bakanae disease by artificial inoculation at the budding stage. Both of the parents were susceptible to bakanae disease. Two QTL （qB1 and qB10） were detected on chromosome 1 and 10, respectively, and both of the two QTL showed additive effects.7.Simultaneous heading of plants within the same rice variety, termed as heading synchrony （HS）, is an important factor affecting simultaneous ripening of the variety. Uniformity in the height of main stem and tillers is a key factor affecting ideal plant type, contributing to the super high-yield rice breeding. Understanding the genetic basis of the heading synchrony and plant height uniformity （PHU） may contribute to breeding good plant type varieties with simultaneous heading and ripening. In the present study, a japonica/indica doubled haploid （DH） population, derived from a cross between Chunjiang 06 （a good HS variety） and TN1 （a poor HS variety） was used to analyze quantitative trait locus （QTL） for HS, panicle height uniformity （PHU） and other related traits, such as early heading date （EHD）, heading date （HD）,late heading date （LHD） and panicle number per plant （PN）. A total of ten QTL for the five traits distributed on 7 rice chromosomes were detected. One QTL, qHs8, was detected for HS, which explained 27.7% of the total genotypic variance. The qHs8 allele from CJ06 could reduce the heading difference by 3.3 days. Three QTL, qPhu4, qPhu10 and qPhu12 were detected for PHU, which explained 41.9% of the total genotypic variance. Two QTL for EHD located in the chromosomes 8 and 9, shared similar regions for the two QTL for HD and LHD. Two QTL for panicles number （PN） located on the chromosome 4 and 5, explained 34.2% of the total variations. Results of this study may be useful for marker assisted breeding for the improvement of the heading synchrony and panicle layer uniformity.更多还原