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新型侧链取代稀土酞菁配合物的合成及LB膜研究

Synthesis and LB Film Characters of Novel Side-chain Substituted Rare Earth Phthalocyaninto Complexes

【作者】 王雪莹

【导师】 姜建壮;

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 , 无机化学, 2007, 博士

【摘要】 具有高度三维共轭结构的三明治型(sandwich-type)稀土及一些其它的金属的酞菁、卟啉类配合物由于具有独特的光、电性质吸引着人们越来越浓厚的研究兴趣。该类型化合物具有扩展的平面共轭分子结构和较小的HOMO-LUMO能级差,因而显示出特殊的光谱学、电化学及其它物理化学性能;在分子导体,分子磁体,分子元器件,液晶和非线性光学材料等多方面具有潜在的应用价值。用一定的成膜技术将其制备成微观上分子排列高度有序的薄膜材料更能体现出该类化合物优良的物化特性。由于该类化合物的平面分子结构及环间强烈的非共价相互作用,因此成为有序超分子体系组装中重要的构建模块(building blocks)。Langmuri-Blodgett(LB)技术可在分子水平上对构建模块进行组装,因此也成为组装酞菁类化合物有序超分子体系的理想手段。对三明治型稀土双酞菁配合物进行有序超分子体系的组装及其结构的表征既可以使人们更加了解,也可以为开发新的分子材料和分子电子元器件提供依据。在之前对于不同中心稀土离子对稀土双酞菁化合物界面行为影响所作研究的基础上,在本论文中我们合成了一系列带有不同长度侧链的对称取代稀土双酞菁化合物Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n=4,5,6,7,8,12,16)并以该类型分子作为构建模块,用Langmuir单层膜技术在气/液界面上对该类化合物进行了超分子组装。我们用表面压-分子面积等温线研究了系列双层[八-(烷氧基取代)]酞菁稀土配合物Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n=4,5,6,7,8,12,16)在气/液界面形成的单层膜。结果表明,各种配合物均可在气/液界面上形成稳定的固态凝聚膜,同时通过所得的π-A等温线推算得到了该系列物质在气/液界面上的极限分子面积,发现配合物的界面极限分子面积有随周边碳链增长而增大的趋势。我们用垂直提拉法制备了系列双层[八-(烷氧基取代)]酞菁稀土配合物Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n=4,5,6,7,8,12,16)的多层LB膜,并用紫外-可见吸收光谱、偏振紫外-可见吸收光谱及低角X射线衍射等多种谱学手段表征了Eu[Pc(OCnH2n-1)8]2分子在LB膜中的排列方式。与溶液中的吸收光谱比较,当n≤5时Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2 LB膜的吸收光谱中Q吸收带发生红移,而n≥6时LB膜的吸收光谱中Q吸收带发生蓝移。说明LB膜中盘状稀土双酞菁分子之间发生了超分子聚集作用,分别形成了j-聚集体和h-聚集体,这种聚集现象是由于激子相互作用引起的。偏振紫外-可见吸收光谱的研究结果表明,在LB膜中,盘状稀土双酞菁分子以倾斜的方式有序排列,分子大环平面与基片之间成一定的夹角。当n≤5时Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2分子大环平面与基片的夹角小于魔角,而当n≥6时Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2分子大环平面与基片的夹角大于魔角。此结果和由紫外-可见光谱Q带峰值位移推导的结果具有良好的一致性。以上结果证明,随着碳链的增长,膜内稀土双酞菁分子与水平面之间的夹角随之变大,分子更倾向于side-on而非face-on的排列方式。分子之间的聚集方式由j-聚集转变为h-聚集。这证实了我们预料中的,通过对分子取代基团进行修饰,对酞菁类大环化合物超分子组装结构进行自下而上调控的可行性。低角X射线衍射实验结果表明Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n=4,5,6,7,8,12,16)的多层LB膜具有很好的层间有序性,并求得了各种化合物单层膜的厚度。结合偏振紫外-可见吸收光谱测定的双酞菁分子的取向角,可以认为该系列盘状稀土双酞菁分子在膜中以face-to-face方式有序倾斜排列,edge-on取向。单层厚度的实际测量结果与理论计算值符合较好。我们用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了在气液界面上形成的Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n=4,8,12)单层膜,发现双酞菁分子在膜内形成了取向高度有序的条带状超分子体系结构。结合上述谱学手段对LB膜进行研究的结果进行分析,可以证明形成的超分子体系是由Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2盘状分子以face-to-face排列方式形成的柱状单分子线阵列。在该超分子体系中,双酞菁分子间通过超分子π-π作用彼此聚集,形成了可容电荷通行的分子导线。该分子导线阵列是在国际上首次被报道,在分子电子学研究,功能分子的自组装,新型纳米器件的开发等方面都具有重要意义。为了发展新型自组装体系和超分子材料积累,在以上工作的基础上,为了进一步深入了解修饰取代基团对于酞菁类大环化合物超分子组装结构的调控作用,同时研究分子对称性对该类型分子超分子结构的影响,我们又合成了一系列带有不同长度侧链的不对称取代稀土双酞菁化合物EuPc[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8](n=4,8,12)并对以上化合物进行了LB膜的组装和表征。取向有序的超分子聚集结构也在该系列化合物的LB膜中被观测到。同时,对该系列化合物多层LB膜的表征结果也验证了我们在有关对称酞菁稀土配合物研究中得出的关于取代碳链对于稀土双酞菁分子聚集方式影响的结论。实验结果与根据两种可能的分子排列模型推算得到的理论结果相比较,我们证实了不对称双层酞菁稀土配合物Eu(Pc)[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]分子在气液界面上聚集成膜时,以带有取代基的一侧酞菁大环接近水面,分子按一定角度倾斜有序排布。我们用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)观察了在气液界面上形成的Eu(Pc)(Pc(OCnH2n+1)8](n=4,8)单层膜,发现与组织高度有序的对称双酞菁分子Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2不同,Eu(Pc)[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]分子在膜内更多以聚集的畴和结晶相存在。结合上述谱学手段对LB膜进行研究的结果进行分析,可以得出结论:对于该类型双酞菁稀土配合物而言,对称的十六烷氧基取代相比不对称的八烷氧基取代是对以LB膜技术所进行的自组装更为有利的。由于在研究中发现的,不同侧链修饰基团在改变酞菁类化合物物理,化学性质和功能应用以及调控酞菁类大环化合物超分子组装结构方面所具有的重要意义,我们课题组一直在努力寻找具有特殊性质的新型可用修饰基团。在酞菁大环周边引入不同类型的吸电子或给电子基团可以改变酞菁大环共轭体系的电子密度,从而有效的调节酞菁的光学,电化学等方面性质。八羰基-烷氧基取代酞菁由于其侧链取代基特殊的强吸电子性和在常见有机溶剂中的易溶性,成为我们所感兴趣的目标分子。之前,国际上关于羰基取代基直接和酞菁大环相连的酞菁类化合物的合成途径主要是基于1972年Boston和Bailar等人的工作,即通过均四氰基苯或均苯四甲酸酐在乙二醇中的四聚反应得到四酰亚胺基取代的酞菁,然后通过强碱条件下的水解获得八羧基取代酞菁,再以八羧基取代酞菁为基础对其进行修饰以获得羰基-烷氧基/酰胺基取代酞菁。但有关这方面进展的报道直到目前仍极为有限,而且仅有的少量报道亦缺少可靠的表征结果(质谱,核磁共振等)。这种反应路线由于过程中的大部分中间产物都不溶于常用有机溶剂,导致了提纯的严重困难,产物无法与反应过程中混入的大量低聚物,不完全水解产物及反应副产物有效分离,事实上是无法获得纯净八羰基-烷氧基酞菁产物的,因此并不真正实用。我们近来发展出了一种新的有效途径,从邻二甲苯开始经过一系列取代,氧化,相转移酯化等反应步骤合成并提纯了酞菁前驱体4,5-二羰基辛烷氧基-邻二氰基苯,并进一步通过该前驱体在有机碱DBU存在下的四聚反应合成了在大环周边位置上带有八个强吸电子基团羰基-辛烷氧基的新型酞菁化合物MPc(COOC8H17)8,M=2H,Cu,Zn。由于长链辛烷基的存在,使得该化合物在常用溶剂中具有很好的溶解性,从而可以用常规的柱层析方法对化合物进行分离并可以进行各种谱学表征。所有表征结果都证实了目标化合物纯净并符合预期分子结构。我们通过紫外光谱,电化学,理论计算等多种手段互相佐证,证实了强吸电子基团羰基-辛烷氧基对酞菁大环共轭电子体系发生的影响。该新型酞菁化合物是在国际上首次被可靠证实其合成和纯化,在分子电子学器件,自组装分子模块,水溶性酞菁光动力治疗药物等方面均有广阔的应用前景。

【Abstract】 The study of nano-sized supramolecular structures formed by self-organization is of great interest for the development of molecular electronics and ionics devices. In this field, the construction of supramolecular wires and channels capable of transporting electrons is an attractive and challenging direction. Phthalocyanines are an important class of pigments that have been found applications in various disciplines. This series of tetrapyrrole derivatives can form complexes with almost the complete Periodic Table of elements. In particular, sandwich-type complexes of phthalocyanines with large metal ions such as rare earth, actinide, early transition, and main group metals have been obtained. The rare earth sandwich complexes have attracted great attention due to their possible applications in molecular electronics, molecular optronics, and molecular iono-electronics. Among various approaches used to construct supramolecular structures for phthalocyaninato metal complexes, Langmuir-Blodgette techniques have proved versatile. A lot of work has been focused on the formation, structure, and gas-sensing properties of monomeric phthalocyanine derivatives. By contrast, the reports on the sandwich-type phthalocyaninato rare earth complexes have been rather scarce.Recently, we have started to pay attention to the formation characteristics of sandwich tetrapyrrole rare earth complex LB films. The aim of the present paper is not only to add more information on the LB film characteristics of sandwich-type phthalocyaninto rare earth compounds but also to give insight into the influence of the length and number of alkoxy side chains on the pure LB film formation of bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth compounds. Herein we describe the formation, spectroscopic characterstics, and structure of nano-sized supramolecular structures of a series of alkoxy side-chains substituted sandwich-type phthalocyaninto complexes both Eu[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8]2(n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16) and EuPc[Pc(OCnH2n+1)8] (n = 4, 8, 12) formed by Langmuir-Blodgette techniques. And influence of the length and number of alkoxy side chains on the self-organization character of phthalocyanine rings was discussed in this paper. Ever since their early synthesis at the beginning of last century, phthalocyanines have been an important class of dyes and pigments. In closely related with their unique spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, they macromolecules have been found important applications in materials science, medicine, optical storage, and photocatalysis. Because of their large conjugated molecular structure together with strongπ-πinteraction between aromatic rings, phthalocyanine derivatives have also been used as staple building blocks for ordered molecular systems.It is well known that incorporating substituents onto the phthalocyanine ring is the most important method to tune the physi-chemical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties of phthalocyanine derivatives. Thus far, various kinds of different substituents such as alkyl, alkoxy, and thioalkyl groups have been introduced onto the peripheral and / or non-peripheral positions of phthalocyanine ligand. However, there still exists no reliable report on octakis(alkoxycarbonyl)phthalocyanine derivatives despite their great potential application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In 1972, Boston and Bailar claimed without mass spectrum the synthesis of octakis(octacarboxylated)phthalocyanine by tetramerization of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene or pyromellitic dianhydride, the only evidence being the elemental analysis and IR spectrum. With this octakis(octacarboxylated)phthalocyanine as starting material, further reaction with alcohol through acyl chlorination led to octakis(alkoxycarbonyl)phthalocyanines accordingly, again without elemental analysis and mass spectroscopic evidence.As part of our continuous efforts to develop various new species of phthalocyanine molecular materials, recently we developed an efficient synthetic pathway for preparing 4,5-di(octyloxycarbonyl)phthalonitrile with o-xylene as starting material. With this 4,5-di(octyloxycarbonyl)phthalonitrile available at hand as the best and most common starting material for preparing phthalocyanines, corresponding octakis(octyloxycarbonyl)phthalocyanines have been easily prepared and isolated in good yield.Both electrochemical and theoretical calculation results reveal the electron-withdrawing nature of octyloxycarbonyl groups attached onto the peripheral positions of phthalocyanine ring. It is worth noting that these compounds not only represent the first examples of oktakis(alkoxycarbonyl)phthalocyanine derivatives, but more importantly are good starting materials for preparing water soluble phthalocyanines with great potential applications in PDT.

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 山东大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2007年 03期
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