【作者】 郭谦；

【导师】 吕伟俊；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 社会调控是指国家作为控制主体运用法律、行政、经济、道德教化及舆论监督等综合手段，完善、强化社会调控机制，杜绝越轨行为的发生，使得绝大多数社会成员接受、遵从以主导价值观为核心而确立的社会规范体系，以维护社会的公共秩序，从而达到社会的和谐与稳定。社会史所研究的社会调控，是指历史上的各社会构成系统，通过各种因素，运用社会规范及其相应的方式和措施，对社会成员的行为、观念进行指导和约束，对各种社会关系进行调节的过程。民国时期，在中外机缘的交错作用下，作为沿海省份和南北战略要地的山东主要城市开始崛起，走在了全国近代化的前列，具有典型性和代表性。随着近代城市经济的发展，城市社会阶层结构发生了深刻变化。在传统社会群体结构之外产生出新的社会群体，如买办、企业家、职员、文教工作者、自由职业者、工人、城市贫民等；传统社会结构中原有的官僚、手工业者、商贩等群体身份地位也发生了很大变化。笔者认为，这一时期山东城市社会大致可以分成九大阶层，其中城市下层社会群体人数众多，由四个层面的群体构成，即手工业者、商贩、小学教师、政府或公司中的下等职员等有固定收入的人群，产业工人、理发匠、修理匠、铁匠、店员、伙计、学徒等劳工群体，马车夫、人力车夫、街头摊贩以及建筑、运输、装卸、清洁等行业季节工、临时工等苦力群体，以及乞丐、娼妓、小偷、饥民等游民群体。民国时期城市社会阶层结构的加速分化，不断对国家和统治者的社会调控机制与能力带来新问题、新挑战。这种情况与同样处在转型期的当今社会多少有些类似。具体揭示民国时期山东城市下层社会群体的社会阶层结构和生存状况，重新展现这一时期的城市生活实景，复原统治者对城市下层社会的社会调控机构、方式、方法、手段和效果，将会为今天的中国社会提供一个可靠的参照系，为当今城市社会的管理与经营者提供宝贵的历史经验。对于我们在改革开放的今天，改变城市弱势群体的生存状态，发展经济，构建社会主义和谐社会，实现共同富裕的目标，都应当有所助益。也有助于加深对中国近代社会史的整体认识。通过本课题的研究，笔者试图填补中国近代社会史和城市史研究领域的一项空白。本课题以民国时期山东城市为切入点，通过对大量史料的深入挖掘整理和系统分析整合，以既往研究为基础，将社会学、城市学、行政学、法学、军事学、教育学、管理学等学科理论与史学的分析论证结合起来，大量运用社会学和相关学科的理论、概念和方法，同时运用传统的比较法，来全面系统深入地揭示民国时期城市社会阶层结构和城市下层社会的构成与状况；对北洋军阀政府时期、南京国民政府时期和日伪侵占时期的统治者对山东城市下层社会的社会调控机构(包括行政管理体系、军队、警察、特务等)、法律与规章、思想文化与社会规范控制以及社会救济与慈善活动等进行了深入研究。鉴于民国时期中国共产党在山东抗日根据地和解放区的政权，主要分布在广大农村地区，解放战争后期才开始对大中城市的接管工作，就不在本文的研究范围。北洋军阀政府时期，国家政治权威没有真正建立起来，行政调控手段缺失；军阀混战，军权为大，法律调控无从谈起；农民纷纷破产，城市下层社会民众生活无望，经济调控手段无力；崇尚暴力，道德教化功能丧失殆尽。诸多体制内的调控功效不断削弱，直至缺失，从而使城市下层社会失范，遂至许多社会问题沉渣泛起。就社会调控能力而言，南京国民政府时期的山东地方政府与北洋军阀政府时期相比有着明显的加强，对城市下层社会的社会调控技巧更趋成熟，社会调控组织更加严密，社会调控手段也更加多样化，国民党通过严密的行政组织、庞大的军事系统以及严格的思想统制来实现对城市下层社会进行强有力的社会调控。抗日战争时期的山东，由于国民党缺乏坚决抗战的决心和得力的抗战措施，始终坚持片面抗战路线，省政府一直处于流亡状态，没有在沦陷区城市建立相对稳定的行政管理体系和警察等社会调控机构，特别是在1943年7月国民党山东省政府迁离省境后，国民党政府对山东城市下层社会的社会调控能力也由弱小而变为无了。日伪统治下的山东，由于对城市下层社会的社会调控机制带有浓厚的殖民统治色彩，其暴虐的程度、控制的力度和渗透性可谓空前绝后。日本特务、顾问、宪警成为对城市下层社会进行社会调控的主宰。傀儡组织和伪政权直接服务于日本帝国主义“以华治华”、“以战养战”政略，军队、日特、宪警、保甲互为补充，并推行警保联系，出具联保连坐切结，进行奴化宣传教育等，在城市下层社会建立起了严密的殖民统治。抗日战争胜利后，国民党不惜与日伪合流以实现对山东的重新控制。国民党采取了诸多措施以巩固其一党专制政权，但是其政治改革无力、行政机构膨胀、行政效率降低，贪污腐败屡禁不止，其经济政策根本缺乏对城市下层社会民众生活的广泛关照，又悍然发动内战。失去了民主，失去了公正，也失去了民心，其对城市下层社会的社会调控目标难以实现，作用也日渐弱化，最终随着国民党军队和政权一起退出山东历史舞台。总起来看，民国时期统治者对城市下层社会的社会调控呈现出由传统向近代的转型趋势，但这种转型是渐进和不彻底的，表现为在某些层面上社会调控的缺失，这是由其阶级局限性决定的。北洋军阀和国民党在本质上都是大地主、大买办、大资产阶级的代表，都是外国帝国主义侵略势力在华利益的代表，也都媚外残内，专制独裁。在对城市下层社会的社会调控方面，他们一方面继承了中国封建主义的衣钵，一方面又糅和了西方法西斯主义的流毒，成为封建的法西斯主义。而且，这一时期社会调控系统从本质上也是残缺不全的。这既与操纵这一系统的官僚机器的腐败有关，又与近代化的社会转型过程中社会调控系统自身的发育不良密不可分。同时，社会调控政策又缺乏系统性，强制性和保护性严重失衡，社会调控的保护性功能明显不足，对城市下层社会缺乏有效的社会保障和救济机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social regulation and control means that a state, as the subject of control, employ comprehensive means of law, administration, economy, moral education and the supervision of public opinions to perfect and strengthen social regulatory systems and avoid impermissible behavior so that most of the members of society can accept and abide by social regulatory systems and safeguard social public orders and help to achieve the harmony and stability of society. As for social regulation and control in sociology, it means that all the historical social constitutions employ social regulations and their corresponding measures to direct and restrain the behavior and ideas of social members and regulate all the social relations.During the period of the Republic of China, under the interaction of the interweaving opportunity between China and foreign countries, the main cities of Shandong Province, as a coastal province and an important south-north strategic area, began to grow, walking in the forefront of the national modernization, which was typical and representative in that period. Along with the development of modern urban economy, the urban social stratum experienced profound changes. Outside the traditional social community structure arose in new social communities, such as the compradors, entrepreneurs, employees, cultural and educational workers, liberal professionals, workers and city destitutes. In the traditional social structure, great changes also took place in the identity and position of the original communities, such as bureaucrats, handicraft operators, and mongers. The writer thinks that the urban society in Shandong at that time can be divided into nine stratums, among which the numerous are the social community of the city bottom layers, which was formed by four levels, that is, the groups with stable income like handicraftsmen, the mongers, the primary school teachers, the inferior employees of the government or those in the company, the labor groups like industrial workers, haircutters, repairmen, iron smiths, shoppers, fellows, disciples, the seasonal and coolie workers like rickshaws, carters, street standing dealers, constructors, carriers, the packing or unloading workers, the sweeping workers, and the homeless groups like beggars, prostitutes, burglars, starving masses and so on and so forth. During the period of the Republic of China, the urban social stratum was rapidly dividing, constantly bringing new problems and challenges to the social regulating mechanism and abilities. Such a situation is similar to that of the present society which is under the transformation period. To specifically expose the social stratum structure and existing condition of the urban lower society in Shandong Province during the period of the Republic of China, to re-emerge the real living view of that time, to restore to original the ways, methods, means and results that the governors regulated the urban lower society will provide a referential coefficient for today’s Chinese society, will provide valuable historical experience for the managers and conductors of the present urban society, will be beneficial for us to change the existing conditions of the minority community, to develop economy, to construct a harmonious society and to realize mutual wealth, and will be helpful to understand the entire Chinese recent history as a whole. Through the researches into this subject, the writer hopes to fill in the blank in the study realm of the Chinese modern history and the urban history.Based on previous researches, this thesis reveals the structure of social classes and the constitution and situation of the urban lower society during the period of the Republic of China through the systematic analysis to the substantial historical materials in the cities in Shandong Province by combining sociology, urban science, administrative science, the science of law, military science, pedagogy, the science of management with the historical analysis and proof. It gives a deep probe into the authorities’ social regulatory constitutions (including administrative management system, military forces, the police, espionage agency, etc.), laws and regulations, the control to culture and thought and social regulations, social relief and charities to the lower classes in the cities in Shandong Province during the period of the Northern Warlord’s Government, the Nanjing National Government and the Japanese Illegitimate Government as well. It will not discuss too much about the authorities of Chinese Communist Party in Shandong Revolutionary Base because most of them were in the rural area and they didn’t take over the management to the big and medium cities until the latter part of China’s War of Liberation.The Northern Warlord’s Government was lack of administrative regulatory measures because the national political authority hadn’t really been established. What’s more, the warlords fought with each other and the military power took the power and there were no legal regulation at all. Besides, the peasants went bankruptcy and the masses of the lower society in the cities were hopeless because of the lack of economic regulatory methods. People worshiped violence and the educational function of morals was lost. Therefore, the urban lower society lost their regulations and many social problems appeared due to the gradual weakening and eventual lost of regulatory function of social systems. Compared with the period of the Northern Warlords’ Government, the social regulation ability of the local governments of Shandong Province improved a lot in the period of the Nanjing National Government. To the regulation of the urban lower society, their skills became mature and their systems were tighter and their methods were varied. The Kuomintang carried out their forceful social regulation to the urban lower society through their close administrative organization, immense military system and strict control of people’s thought. In the period of the War of Resistance against Japan, the provincial government of Shandong went into exile and didn’t establish stable social regulatory institutions such as the administrative systems and the police, etc.. because the Kuomintang were lack of determination to fight with Japan’s aggression and effective anti-Japanese measures and they were always adhering to the partial anti-Japanese route. The Kuomintang Government’s social regulation towards the urban lower society in Shandong Province changed from weakness to nothing in July, 1943, when its provincial government removed from Shandong Province. Under the control of Japanese puppet regime, the social regulatory systems in Shandong Province to the urban lower society were with thick colonial control color. Their brutality, tyranny and penetration were unprecedented. Japanese spies, advisers and military police dominated the social regulation to the urban lower society. The puppet organizations and regime served directly to the Japanese imperialists’ political fighting. They established tight colonial control over the urban lower society by combining the military forces, espionage agency, military police and neighborhood administration with each other, connecting the police with neighborhood administration and carrying out enslaving education, etc.. After the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, the Kuomintang resumed its control over Shandong Province by associating with the former Japanese puppet regime. Due to the weak political reform, the immense administrative constitution and its deficient administration, ceaseless bribery and corruption, its economic policies’s lack of extensive care for the urban lower society and its plunging China into civil war, it didn’t fulfill its goal of social regulation over the urban lower society for its lost of democracy, justice and eventual lost of public support although it took quite a lot of measures to consolidate its one-party autocracy. Its functions weakened gradually and in the end it withdrew from the historical stage of Shandong Province with its military forces and its regime.To sum up, the lack of social regulation and control which rulers in the period of the Public of China imposed on the urban lower society is determined by their limitations. The Northern Warlords and Kuomintang in themselves represent the squires, the compradors and the capitalist class. They stand for the interest of the imperialism’s power of the invasion in China, fawning on foreign countries and cruelly killing their countrymen with despotism. As to the social regulation and control of the urban lower society, on the one hand they inherit the legacy of Chinese feudalism; on the other hand they rub up the dead hand of western fascism. What’s more, the social regulation and control system in this period in essence are multilated, which is related to the corruption of the bureaucratic machine. It is closely connected with the underdevelopment of the social regulation and control system in the modernized process of social transformation. At the same time, the social regulation and control policy lacks systematicness with the unbalance of coerciveness and protective value. Therefore, the social regulation and control are in scarcity of protective function and short of the effective social security and relief mechanism for the urban lower society.更多还原