【作者】 李春；

【导师】 王小明；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 由于小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)形态优美、分布狭窄稀少、行为生态独特、分类地位分纭,近两个世纪来,国内外对它的关注和研究,仅次于大熊猫。为了全面系统地了解小熊猫化学通讯的特征、母幼通讯行为的特点及与母幼关系的发展规律的关系,笔者以重庆动物园小熊猫饲养场和重庆野生动物园的圈养小熊猫为研究对象,通过给其提供不同性别、不同个体和不同气味来源(尿液、肛周腺分泌物和综合气味)的气味刺激,观察分析其行为反应的方法,对圈养小熊猫的化学通讯的行为进行了研究。同时还观察了小熊猫一月龄内母幼通讯行为的特征和母幼关系发展规律。此外,还利用GC-MS对小熊猫尿液的化学成分及其化学特征进行了测定和分析。主要取得如下结果:1.繁殖季节成年小熊猫对同性和异性气味的行为反应雌雄性小熊猫在气味刺激下,活动、蹭阴、舔舐、嗅闻标记物、嗅闻尿液、嗅闻粪便、尿液标记行为表现显著高于行为基础数据,并对异性气味有明显偏好;粪便标记行为表现没有出现有意义的变化。小熊猫能够根据气味进行个体识别和性别识别;粪便中可能不携带有个体信息和性别信息;犁鼻系统和味觉可能也参与了化学通讯。2.非繁殖季节成年小熊猫对尿液气味的行为反应雄性小熊猫可以接收来自同性和异性的尿液气味信号,并产生相应行为反应;在不同性别的尿液气味刺激下产生的标记行为频次有显著差异;说明在非繁殖期,对于雄性个体来说,尿液中的信号传递的主要作用在于领域的占领和维护。雌性小熊猫也可以接收来自同性和异性的尿液气味信号,并产生相应的行为反应;但不同性别个体的尿液气味中的信号刺激没有使得雌性个体的尿液标记行为发生显著差异,这可能说明了雌性个体在非繁殖期不能通过尿液气味分辨个体的性别。3.非繁殖季节成年小熊猫对肛周腺分泌物气味的行为反应雄性个体可以接收肛周腺分泌物气味中的信号,并引起了较强的领域行为的表现,但不能通过肛周腺分泌物的气味区分性别。雌性个体尿液标记频次在肛周腺分泌物刺激下显著增加,说明肛周腺分泌物携带的信息能促进雌性个体领域行为的增加;但不同性别肛周腺分泌物气味刺激下雌性小熊猫的各行为反应无显著差异说明,在非繁殖期,雌性个体可能不可以通过肛周腺分泌物的气味信号进行性别识别。4.尿液和肛周腺分泌物气味刺激下小熊猫刻板行为的变化在同性和异性的尿液和肛周腺分泌物气味的刺激下,雌雄性小熊猫的刻板行为均较空白组显著减少,这一现象提示我们,将单独圈养的野生动物改为结伴圈养或小群圈养或许会减少或消除某些刻板行为。5.非繁殖期雌雄性小熊猫化学通讯行为的差别在非繁殖期,雌性小熊猫的化学通讯行为比雄性个体更多地依赖犁鼻系统。雄性小熊猫利用尿液和肛周腺分泌物进行领域的标记圈定,而雌性小熊猫则主要通过肛周腺分泌物来进行领域的标记圈定,尿液的领域标记作用不明显。6.一月龄内小熊猫母幼通讯行为的发生、发展规律小熊猫母幼间的触觉通讯行为和嗅觉通讯行为在一月龄内的前期显著高于中、后期;听觉和视觉通讯行为在中期显著高于前、后期;这说明小熊猫的母幼通讯行为方式的变化规律与母幼关系的发生、发展规律及幼仔的生长规律是相适应的。7.成年小熊猫尿液中挥发性物质的化学特征在成年小熊猫的尿液中共发现67种挥发性化合物,对其中49种物质进行了检索和鉴定,它们包括酮类、醇类、醛类、萜烯类、烯烃类、烷烃类和胺类等物质。不同尿样中的化合物成分具有较高的个体差异。虽然没有发现有具性别特征的特定化合物的存在,但一些物质的相对含量在不同性别间具有显著差异,结果说明小熊猫尿液中的性别信息可能是通过类似物的形式(analog form,同种物质的相对含量不同)编码的。因而尿液作为一种挥发性很强的化学信息物质在小熊猫的个体识别和性别识别中可能起到了一定的作用,并与其他气味腺分泌物一起,共同承担着种内相互识别的化学通讯作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The attention and research about red panda is just fewer to giant panda in the last two century, for its beautiful fur, exiguous and cabined distribution, particular behavior, undetermined taxonomic position, and so on. In order to deeply and systemic understand the character of its chemistry communication, the early communication between mother and infant, and the developmental process of early mother-infant relationship, the author researched the red panda in Chongqing zoo and Chongqing safari park, observed its feedback to odor stimulation which come from different odor source, gender and individual, the character communication behavior between mother and infant in the first month after birth, and the developmental process of the mother-infant relationship, and also assayed chemical character of urine by GC-MS.The main results and conclusions are as follows:1. Behavioral responses of the red panda to opposite- and same-sex scents in breeding season.In comparison with control observations, males and females displayed a dramatic increase in activity, rubbing, licking, sniffing, sniffing urine, sniffing feces and urinate, when entering pen filled with else odors. Male showed a marked preference for female odors, activity, anal marking and licking more in response to female than male odors. Male also displayed more activity, anal marking, licking, sniffing when encountering male than female odors. Weather male nor female didn’t show more significant defecating in response to else odors. This indicated that both male and female could identify gender and individuality via odors and there don’t have individual and gender information in feces. The results also suggest that discrimination individuality and gender is facilitated by gustatory or vomeronasal analysis made possible by direct contact with the scent. 2. Behavioral responses of red panda to urine scent in non-breeding seasonThe male corresponding behavior responses to urine scent means that red panda can receive urine odor signal from the same and opposite sex; the frequency of urinating stimulated by the urine odor in different sex showed significant differences, which means the most important effect of the signal communication via urine is to territory occupancy protection.Similarly, the female can also receive urine odor signal of the same and opposite sex, but the frequency of urinating stimulated by the urine odor in different sex didn’t show markedly difference, which may show that female individual can not distinguish sex by urine odor.3. Behavioral responses of red panda to anogenital gland secretions scent in non-breeding seasonThe male can receive signal in the odor of anogenital gland secretion, and arose obvious territorial behavior, but can not distinguish sex via anogenital gland secretion scent.The urinating frequency of female individual stimulated by anogenital gland secretion scent increases markedly, indicates the anogenital gland secretion scent can promote the territorial behavior of female; but the non-significant differences of female’s behavior response to anogenital gland secretion scent of different sex means that the female individual may not distinguish sex by the odor signal of anogenital gland secretion.4. Change of stereotypic behavior response to the odor of urine and anogenital gland secretion scent.Compared to the control, the frequency of stereotypic behavior response to the odor of urine and anogenital gland secretion of the same and the opposite sex decreases markedly, which indicated that enclose red panda in mated or in small group may reduce or eliminate some stereotypic behavior.5. The contrast of chemical communication behavior between males and females in non-breeding seasonThe chemical communication behavior of females depend more on vomeronasal system, compared with males in non-breeding season. The males occupy territory by urinating and anogenital gland secretion, while females sign territory mainly via anogenital gland secretion, the effect of urine in territorial sign is not obvious.6. The happening and developing process of mother-infant relationship in the first month after birth.The frequency of feeling and chemical communication behavior between mother and infant in the pre-period are higher than in the mid-period and post-period; the frequency of aural communication and visual communication behavior between mother and infant in the mid-period are higher than in the pre-period and post-period. The results indicate that the change of the communication behavior manner between mother and children adapt to the developmental process of mother-infant relationship and the growth rule of the children.7. Chemical characterization of urinary putative pheromones in red panda.To characterize the potential pheromonal signal, urine-derived volatiles from both males and females were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared with to each other. More than 67 urinary compounds were identified. Based on 49 common compounds (relative abundances of each >0.1%) shared by more than 10% of all samples. We identified ketones, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, alkenes and amines. The chemical composition of each urine sample was individual-specific. Although none of these compounds was sex-specific, the relative abundances of several compounds differed between males and females. This result shows that information about sex could be coded in the analog form (different amounts of the same compounds).更多还原