【作者】 陈曦；

【导师】 沐涛；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 世界史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 赫茨尔是政治犹太复国主义的创立者。19世纪末，政治犹太复国主义运动作为犹太民族意识觉醒的一个标志在世界范围的犹太人群体中引起了巨大共鸣。这个运动在赫茨尔的领导下不断壮大，同时，通过他近十年的对外实践活动，犹太复国主义在国际社会的知名度和影响力都得到了提升，同时他的实践也为政治犹太复国主义的发展探索了前进的道路，积累了宝贵的经验。赫茨尔对于政治犹太复国主义内部组织建设所做的贡献更是开创性的。在此基础上，政治犹太复国主义作为带领犹太人重建民族家园的政治力量在创建以色列国的过程中发挥了重要的作用。赫茨尔作为犹太历史上重要人物之一，一直在犹太人的思想和感情中占有重要的地位，对他犹太复国主义思想和实践的研究，是犹太史和犹太复国主义史当中具有重要意义的课题。本文分以下六章来介绍赫茨尔犹太复国主义的思想和实践。第一章着重探讨两个方面的内容，其一是犹太传统淡薄的家庭教育对赫茨尔成长过程乃至走上犹太复国主义道路后的影响；其二是赫茨尔作为一个始终相信同化是解决犹太人问题的犹太人，是如何由一个法学博士、剧作家、记者最终转变为政治犹太复国主义的领袖的，这个问题至今在国内犹太史研究中论证得还不够清晰、准确。第二章主要以赫茨尔的著作《犹太国》和《古老的新国家》为研究主体，探讨赫茨尔的犹太复国主义思想。研究赫茨尔的著作，不只是关注它在世界范围内获得认可的程度，更要着重剖析著作中体现出的个人犹太复国主义思想的特点，分析这些思想的来源、发展以及作者从中起源的指导犹太复国主义运动的原则和方式。第三章以赫茨尔犹太复国主义事业起步后最初的实践活动为研究对象。主要探讨赫茨尔早期在犹太人世界中对其犹太复国主义进行宣传的活动。其中涉及他与犹太金融家之间初次交涉的失利；对《新自由报》长期不懈地说服，这个环节在以往的研究中并没有得到足够的重视；在犹太其他阶层中的宣传，这些宣传影响了一批最早跟随赫茨尔的犹太复国主义者，成为此后犹太复国主义运动组织建设和发展的部分基础。第四章以赫茨尔的对外实践活动为主要的研究对象。其中，赫茨尔与土耳其政府、与德皇以及与英国政府的交涉是比较重要的活动，它们对当时犹太复国主义的发展对外起到了宣传的作用，对内则起到了鼓舞士气、坚定信心的作用。同时，对于在以往的研究成果中通常被一定程度淡化了的实践活动，如在奥地利和意大利等地的活动作了简要的阐述，做到既区分主次又全面准确地展示赫茨尔对外实践活动的全貌。虽然赫茨尔的对外活动并没有取得令犹太复国主义者满意的实质性成果，可是他的坚持不懈增强了犹太人重建国家的决心和勇气，更使得越来越多的国家和地区关注起犹太人问题，最终为获得建国的契机奠定了基础。第五章的中心内容是介绍赫茨尔在犹太复国主义运动内部组织建设上所作出的重大贡献。正是犹太复国主义运动拥有了自己的组织和领导核心，才使得赫茨尔倡导的政治犹太复国主义运动具有了与此前的犹太复国主义发展完全不同的特点，形成了犹太人复国主义活动的整体性，开辟了新的复国主义的路线，使其犹太复国主义在犹太复国主义发展史上占据了特殊的地位。他主持召开的历届犹太人复国主义者代表大会，犹太殖民托拉斯和犹太殖民银行的建立，都为犹太复国主义的发展奠定了重要的物质基础，使得这个运动更具有现实性。然而，总的来说，在赫茨尔所进行的组织建设工作中很多重要的细节至今没有被讲述清楚，甚至有错漏的地方，这是本文论述力图使其更加准确、完善。第六章通过比较研究的方法突出赫茨尔犹太复国主义思想的特点及他在犹太复国主义发展史上的地位。最后的结论将总结赫茨尔犹太复国主义思想当中几个重要的命题，并归纳其思想的特点及影响。同时，本文将把赫茨尔创立和发展的政治犹太复国主义与巴以冲突的问题联系起来，揭示赫茨尔政治犹太复国主义运动与巴以冲突之间的关联性，突出选题的现实意义，并尽可能对赫茨尔及其犹太复国主义做出客观的评价。更多还原

【Abstract】 Herzl was the one who set up Zionism. In the end of the 19^th century, the movement of political Zionism, as a token of national awareness, found its great resonance among Jews all over the world. Led by Herzl, this movement was constantly spread. In the meantime, nearly ten years’ diplomatic practice of Herzl did not only win international reputation and influence for Zionism, but it paved the way for, and supplied experience for, the development of Zionism. Moreover, Herzl’s contribution towards the internal construction of Zionism was innovative. Based on these facts, political Zionism played an important role in the process of establishing Israel as a leading power of the rebuilding of Jewish State.As one of the most significant figures in Jewish history, Herzl has always been greatly considered in the mind and respect of Jewish people. It remains a meaningful discussion on Jewish history and Zionist history to research on the thinking and practice of Zionism.This dissertation is divided into six parts to introduce the thinking and practice of Herzl’s Zionism.The first chapter lays stress on two points—first, how the family education with dim traditional thinking influenced Herzl’s growth, and even his life after he chose Zionism. Second, how Herzl, a Jew who always believed that assimilation was the solution for Jewish problems, turned into the leader of political Zionism out of a Doctor of Laws, dramatist and journalist. This question has not so far been illustrated clearly and exactly in domestic research on Jewish history.The second chapter discusses the thinking of Herzl’s Zionism based mainly on his works The Jewish State and The Old New Land. To study his works, it is not only concerned with how much the works are accepted in the world; it is more concerned with the analysis on Herzl’s personal thoughts out of his works, their source and development, and also the principles and ways to guide Zionist movements rooted from these thoughts.The third chapter looks into the initial practice of Herzl’s cause of Zionism and discusses his activities to propagandize his Zionist thoughts in other Jewish class, including the failure of his first effort to negotiate with Jewish financiers and his constant persuasion of the Neue Freie Presse. This did not receive enough attention in researches before. The propaganda among other Jewish estates influenced the earliest followers of him and afterwards became part of the foundation of Zionist organization’s construction and development.The fourth chapter is focused on Herzl’s diplomatic practices. Herzl’s negotiation with Turkish government, Kaizer and English government are activities of more significance, which made known abroad the development of Zionism and also roused the morale and firmed the confident in the movement. In the meantime, as to the activities usually downplayed in previous research findings, such as those in Austria and Italia, this thesis will attempt to distinguish and at the same time give an overall view of Herzl’s external practices. Although Herzl did not obtain substantial achievement in the external practices, his insistence reinforced the determination and courage of Jewish people to re-establish their country, increasingly drew attention from the world on this issue and consequently laid a foundation for an opportunity for the re-establishment.The fifth chapter lists Herzl’s significant contributions on the internal construction of Zionist organization. It was due to its own organizing and leading core that political Zionism led by Herzl was distinct from the previous Zionism. It formed integrity in Zionist activities, created a new vista of new Zionism, and put Zionism in a special status in its history. The Zionist congresses presided by Herzl and the setup of Jewish Colonial Trus and the Jewish Colonial Bank financially boosted the development of Zionism and made the movement practical. However, there are still plenty of details of Herzl’s efforts in constructing the organization ignored so far and even there are many mistaken thinkings and leftovers. And these become what this thesis will mainly discuss about.The sixth chapter will use contrasts to highlight the characteristics of Herzl’s Zionist thoughts and his status in Zionist history.The conclusion summarizes some of the significant issues in Herzl’s Zionist thoughts and outlines their features and influence. Meanwhile, this thesis combines the setup and development of his political Zionism with Palestine-Israeli conflicts, reveals their relation, gives a practical meaning to the theme of the thesis and shows an objective valuation of Herzl and his Zionism.更多还原