【作者】 张陟遥；

【导师】 周尚文；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 在东方，日本是最早传播西方社会主义思想的国家，出现了日本第一代著名的社会主义思想家、活动家，其中以幸德秋水、片山潜、堺利彦等为代表。幸德秋水是日本近代著名的社会主义运动和反帝反战斗争的先驱者和组织者，是一位有着激荡生平的思想家。幸德秋水的思想发展历程大致经历了三个阶段和两次转变，即自由民权主义者、社会主义思想家和无政府主义者三个阶段以及由自由民权主义向社会主义转变、由社会主义向无政府主义的转变。幸德秋水的社会主义思想既有科学社会主义的成分，也有其他色彩的社会主义的成分，在不同的历史阶段，他的社会主义思想的内容和方法也有所不同。幸德秋水的社会主义思想主要体现在其著作中，如《帝国主义》、《长广舌》、《社会主义神髓》、《基督抹杀论》等。幸德秋水是从传统的儒家观念出发理解社会主义，以传统的儒家语言阐释社会主义，提出了一些具有日本特色的社会主义思想，其主要内容包括社会主义替代资本主义历史规律的剖析、未来社会主义目标的设想、实现社会主义的革命道路与动力等。幸德秋水是一个不彻底、不成熟的马克思主义者。他在日本最先宣传社会主义，最先批判帝国主义，最先介绍马克思和恩格斯的著作。幸德秋水和堺利彦共同翻译的《共产党宣言》是第一个日文全译本，是马克思主义在日本传播的开端。从世界历史发展的角度说，幸德秋水的革命观、进化观、战争观、天皇观、英雄史观等观点，既有积极的一面，也有其缺陷的一面。幸德秋水的悲剧与日本社会主义道路的困惑是相关联的。日本社会主义缘何一直处于边缘化的状态，主要有二：一是日本国情的特殊性和日本国民性格的保守性：二是对社会主义本质究竟是什么还没有完全弄清。幸德秋水之死，不仅仅是其个人悲剧，也是一个历史悲剧。幸德秋水社会主义思想的演变还体现在与他同时代的思想家片山潜两者的比较上。幸德秋水与片山潜作为日本第一代社会主义思想家、活动家，为何走上不同的革命道路?幸德秋水转变为无政府主义者，而片山潜最终成为马克思主义者，其中关键的原因在于个人的学习经历、出国经历与接触人物的不同。幸德秋水不仅是日本社会主义发展史上极为关键的人物，对中国的社会主义思潮的传播影响也很深远。幸德秋水主张亚洲革命联合，认为中日革命具有不可分割的关联，并与中国的孙中山、章炳麟、刘师培、张继等革命党人交往密切，他的主要著作都曾先后译成中文出版，其中《社会主义神髓》出版仅3个月，就被译成中文版。中国早期共产主义知识分子的成长，很大程度上是通过日本社会主义思潮孵育起来的，其中幸德秋水的著作、名声、气节对中国早期共产主义知识分子还是产生了比较大的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Japan is the first eastern country to introduce socialism and it produced the country’s first generation of socialist thinkers and activists, represented by Kotoku Shusui and Katayama Sen. Kotoku Shusui is a well-known forerunner and organizer of socialist activities and the struggle against imperialism and war.The development process of Kotoku Shusui’s thoughts can be divided into three phases, a free democrat, a socialist thinker and an anarchist, and two transformations, from democratism to socialism and from socialism to anarchism.The socialist thoughts of Kotoku Shusui contain the elements of both scientific socialism and other types of socialism and they displayed different contents and methods in different historical phases. His socialist thoughts are mainly expressed in his works Imperialism, The Essence of Socialism and On the Obliteration of Christ. He tried to understand socialism from the point of traditional Confucius idea and advanced some socialist ideas with Japanese characteristics. The major points include the analysis of the historical laws by which imperialism is replaced by socialism, the hypothesis of the targets of the future socialism and the revolutionary path and dynamics to realize socialism.Kotoku Shusui was an incomplete and immature Marxist. He was the first person to publicize socialism, to criticize imperialism and to introduce the works of Marx and Engels. The Communist Manifesto co-translated by him and Sakai Toshihiko is the first Japanese version. Judged from the angle of the development of the world history, there are both positive and negative points in his socialist ideas, including his revolutionary and evolutionary views, view of war, view of the Japanese emperor and the historical view of heroes.The tragedy of Kotoku Shusui is connected with the confusion of Japan’s socialist course. There are two major reasons as to why Japan’s socialism is marginalized. For one thing, it is due to the special national conditions of Japan and conservatism of the Japanese people. For the other, he didn’t completely understand the nature of socialism. The death of Kotoku Shusui is a personal as well as historical tragedy.By comparing him with his contemporary, Katayama Sen, we can see the development of his ideas. Both as Japan’s first generation of socialist thinkers and activists, why did they choose different revolutionary course later? Kotoku Shusui became an anarchist and Katayama Sen turned out a Marxist. The key reason lied in their different education and overseas experiences and different contacts they had made.Being a very important socialist in the Japanese history, Kotoku Shusui also exerted profound influence over China’s socialist thoughts. He advocated the union of the Asian revolutions, believing that there was an inseparable connection between Chinese revolution and Japanese revolution. He was on a close term with Chinese revolutionists, such as Sun Zhongsan, Zhang Binling, Liu Shipei, Zhang Ji and so on. His masterpieces were translated into Chinese one after another. Among them, The Essence of Socialism was translated into Chinese only three months after it was first published. The growth of China’s early communist intellectuals was incubated by Japan’s socialist thoughts, especially influenced by the works, reputation and personality of Kotoku Shusui.更多还原