【作者】 曹晶；

【导师】 陆有铨；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 在从计划经济向社会主义市场经济转型过程中，中国社会从过去同质性较高的总体性社会逐渐走向分化，各阶层之间社会流动加快，社会开放性程度逐步提高。同时，随着工业化社会对于社会成员知识技能要求的提高，传授系统科学知识和培养学生能力的学校教育所承担的选拔功能日益增强，学校教育逐步成为社会分层机制的重要组成部分。对于农村学生来说，通过学校教育实现向上社会流动，是他们改变父辈底层生活命运的唯一阶梯。在社会转型期间，教育之于农村学生的社会分层功能的演变轨迹及其原因考察是本文研究的主题。本文以河南省为主要研究对象，重点对豫西南和豫东的两个村庄改革开放以来学校教育分层功能变化进行了田野调查，并以公开统计数据和问卷调查等资料为依据描述和分析了这一变化过程，立足于河南省当前农村社会现状和农村学生的愿望和需要，提出改进这一问题的建议。社会转型期间，农村教育遭遇行政主导的计划体制和市场主导的市场体制的双重边缘化，使学校教育社会分层功能表现出弱化的基本趋势。农村初中生辍学率居高不下，甚至在近年来出现了上升趋势，农村学生以自我淘汰的方式默认自己在教育选拔中的失败。在高中教育阶段，在80年代城乡差距较小，且国家政策有利于均衡发展的时期，高中阶段的农村生在普通高中、职业高中、中专等教育类型都有一定比例。进入90年代后，随着市场经济的逐步发展与完善，教育体制市场改革的深入，在城乡居民收入拉大和城乡教育差距加大的同时，就读普通高中和职业高中的农村学生数量明显减少，这一时期的中专和中师教育为农村学生的向上社会流动提供了便捷的道路。近年来，随着中师中专学校使命的结束，普通高中“全面”择校的盛行，农村学生向上流动的途径在高中阶段已变得更为狭窄，绝大多数的农村学生在进入高中阶段的门槛前被拒之门外，这将直接造成高等教育阶段农村学生相对于城市学生机会差距的加大。在高等教育阶段，90年代农村学生的高等教育机会比80年代有显著减少，在扩招之后，高等教育机会总量有了明显的改善，但这种改善被高校类型和层次等质性的劣势地位所替代。因此，农村学生在教育地位获得中仍处于弱势地位，使对于农村学生来说具有地位取向的学校教育向生存技能取向教育转变。与之相伴随的是，农村学生和家长对于学校教育分层功能期待逐步降低，并表现出对学校教育的信任危机。教育社会分层功能弱化造成学校教育对于农村学生吸引力的降低，在农村社会兴起了读书无用论，造就了大量低文化素质的农村青少年流入劳动力市场，带来学校教育功能的全面受损。本文从教育制度和家庭背景两个方面探讨教育社会分层功能弱化的原因，并通过这两个方面与农村学生个人努力程度的交互作用来展现社会分层功能弱化的机制。以城市教育为中心，优先发展城市教育的原则使农村学生在教育机会获得中面临着制度性障碍，90年代以来以学业成就和“市场能力”为标准的学校选拔规则，进一步凸显了家庭经济背景对于教育机会获得的重要价值，而使大量的农村学生被形式公平的教育竞争排斥在高一级学校教育之外。同时，重点学校制度对于农村学生形成了“教育排斥”，使农村学生未进入高中阶段之前，已经被学校教育淘汰。因此，教育制度的城市化、市场化和精英化是造成农村学生在转型期间教育机会获得可能性降低的制度原因。此外，由于转型过程中农村社会的变化和农民价值观的变化，农民更加注重经济利益和眼前利益，农村学生和家长表现出对学校教育的冷漠态度，对于外出打工的向往远超过对学校教育的追求，这是造成教育社会分层功能弱化的家庭及社会原因。本文通过对学校教育城市偏向的研究发现，在同一学校内部，当前学校教育的城市偏向并未对农村学生的学业成绩造成显著性影响，学校教育的城市化取向并不是造成农村教育社会分层功弱化的重要原因，相反，农村学生为了实现向上社会流动，会产生出对城市化课程内容学习的极大动力。要改变农村教育分层功能弱化这一问题，应该将促进农村学生的地位提升和城市化作为现阶段农村教育的主要功能，改变效率至上的城市教育优先发展战略，将正义原则作为教育制度的基本价值取向，实现重点高中教育机会向农村学生的倾斜。更多还原

【Abstract】 In transforming planned economy to socialist market economy, Chinese society gradually becomes divided from same quality society in the past. That society moves accelerated step by step between the people of all ranks and has a high degree of opening. Simultaneously, with improving of industrialization, the requests of society members on knowledge and technical ability have been improved. The function of choosing school education, teaching system on scientific knowledge and training abilities have been strengthened gradually. School education becomes an important component of system of social stratification step by step. As for rural area students, upward social mobility by school education is unique ladder that they can change the destiny which their elder generation lives in. During the period of society transform, the study emphases on evolution trajectory and the cause of educational function of social stratification for rural area students.The study uses Henan province as the main subject. It focus on southwest Henan and east Henan on the changes of the function of school education with layers since priority reforms opens to the two villages. It takes public data counting and questionnaire investigation material to describe and analyze this changing process. On the basis of current situation in rural area of Henan province and the desire of those students, the author makes suggestion in improving this problem.In the process of society transforming, Rural area education suffers from the unneutrality of planning dominant system of administration and marketplace system. It makes the function of school education society with layers show the fundamental trend reduction. Junior high school students in rural area stops schooling keep in a high level even appearing uptrend in recent years. They admit failure in education selection in tacitly. In eighties when the gap between city and countryside is less and the country policy benefits to the balanced development, senior middle school rural students are in certain proportion of educating in average high school, occupation high school, and technical secondary school. In the nineties, the chances of rural students receiving high education were remarkably decreased. After education broaden develop the situation had been improved a lot but this improvement had been replaced by its poor quality. Therefore, the rural students are still in inferior states.The thesis discusses about the cause of social stratification in terms of educating system and family background. By using two aspects interaction with rural area students’ individual effort displays the feebleness function of society with layers. Educating centers around the city which makes the rural area students be confronted with the systematic obstacle on educational opportunities acquisition. Since nineties the school taking students self s studies accomplishment and marketplace ability as standard choosing regulation. It bulges the important value that family economic setting gains to educational opportunities. It makes large amount of rural area students been excluded from higher education by the impartially form competition. At the same time, key school system has formed "education repulsion" to rural area students. Therefore, educating system urbanization, market-oriented and talent-oriented bring the cause of reducing reeducating chances for the rural area students. Besides, the social changes of rural area and peasant outlook on values since transforming , the peasant attaches importance to economy benefit and immediate interests especially , the rural area student and parents show attitude indifferent to school education , is far beyond running after to school education to yearning for going out and work, this are the causes of social stratification.The thesis is discovered by the research that the city is partial to school education, before the inside of the same school, the school education city is partial to present and has not caused notable effects on self s studies of rural area students achievements. The school education urbanization takes important cause. The rural area students flowing to upper society for realization may produce extremely large driving force to study on urbanizing course.In order to change the problem on the function of rural education with layers, we ought to boost position of rural area students and take urbanization as the main function being the present rural education and change efficiency as the supreme aim in city centre preferential development education strategy and give educational opportunities to rural area student.更多还原