【作者】 吴岚；

【导师】 余新晓；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以水土保持学、生态学、生态经济学理论为指导，在全面分析中国水土流失及水土保持现状的基础上，对水土保持生态服务功能进行划分，利用多种方法评估了水土保持生态服务功能量及价值量的现状和动态变化，并根据价值量现状值对全国进行了区划，探讨了水土保持生态服务补偿方法与途径。主要研究成果为：1得到水土保持生态服务功能定义是指在水土保持过程中，所采用的各项措施对维持、改良和保护人类及人类社会赖以生存的自然环境条件的综合效用，包括保持和涵养水源、保持和改良土壤、维持生物多样性功能、固碳供氧、净化空气、防风固沙和维持环境景观7项功能，其中前三项功能为主要功能。2水土保持生态服务功能价值评估的概念为：在特定尺度和区域范围内对水土保持措施为人类和社会提供的服务进行货币计量的研究。其中，保持和改良土壤价值通过保存土壤、减少泥沙淤积以及减少土壤侵蚀来衡量；保持和涵养水源功能通过防洪和保护水资源来衡量；净化空气价值通过吸收SO₂、吸收氟化物和降低粉尘来衡量；固碳供氧价值通过植被吸收CO₂和释放O₂来衡量；维持生物多样性功能、防风固沙功能以及维护环境景观功能的评价指标与功能名称相同。3初步估算全国水土保持生态服务功能量现状值为：保护和涵养水源生态服务功能量为59.2亿m³，保持和改良土壤方面的生态服务功能总量为80.9亿t；各片区计算出生态服务功能总量排序为：西北地区＞西南地区＞南方地区＞华北地区＞东北地区；另外，林草措施、生态修复和工程措施对生态服务功能具有主导影响作用，且生态修复和林草措施的作用较工程措施的作用更突出；单纯采取一项水土保持措施得到的保土与保水效果要明显低于综合措施的效果。4 2003年，新增水土保持措施所具有的生态服务价值总量为1139.84亿元。其中，保持和改良土壤及保持和涵养水源所带来的价值量最大。“三北”地区的防风固沙价值量十分突出。5东北、华北、西北、南方和西南5个片区在1950年～1990年、1991年～2005年、2006年～2010年三个时段的生态服务价值量分别增长12013.83亿元、22773.99亿元和27765.71亿元。6降雨量、土壤侵蚀模数、生物多样性指数和GDP与生态服务价值总量呈显著相关关系，土壤容重、＞10℃积温、平均风速、年均日照时数与总价值量间呈相关关系，价值总量只与空气平均湿度、海拔高度相关不显著。生态服务价值总量敏感性较强。7全国水土保持生态服务功能可区划为三个类型区：水土保持生态服务脆弱区（Ⅰ区）、水土保持生态服务敏感区（Ⅱ区）和水土保持生态服务监督区（Ⅲ区）。8水土保持生态服务应被看作公共产品，在开发利用过程中应进行生态补偿。生态补偿的资金来源于四个方面：Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区内以产业为依托，受益行业补偿受损行业；Ⅰ区内进行资源开发时，应以押金形式收取开发企业补偿金；Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区通过流域生态补偿方式对Ⅰ区补偿金；通过全民收取税金的方式建立基金，统筹安排代际补偿问题。9在补偿强度方面，Ⅰ区补偿强度做到充分补偿，以区域生态服务价值量为补偿下限；Ⅱ区生态补偿强度应做到满足“必要补偿”，因地制宜地进行“充分补偿”，以水土保持生态服务价值量为补偿最高标准；Ⅲ区可以水土保持生态建设的投入为上限进行补偿。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study, soil and water conservation, ecology, ecological economics theory as a guide, soil and water conservation function of ecological services division base on comprehensive analysis of China’s soil erosion and soil and water conservation on. Use a variety of methods to evaluate the ecological functions of Soil and Water Conservation value and the status and dynamic changes of the ecological services function capacity. According to the status quo value of soil and water conservation ecological services on the national ecological regionalization, explore the ways and methods of the Soil and Water Conservation ecological services compensation. Main research results as follows:1 Soil and Water Conservation ecological services functional definition refers to the process of soil and water conservation and the use of various measures to maintain, improvement and protection of human society and human survival in the natural environment for the comprehensive effectiveness, including the maintenance and water conservation, maintain and improve soil function of maintaining biodiversity, carbon fixation and oxygen release, air-cleaning, sand-fixing and maintaining the landscape seven functions, which functions of the former three is main functions.2 Soil Conservation Service ecological value of the concept of assessment: In particular scale and scope of regional soil and water conservation measures for the human and social services provided by the monetary measurement research. Among them, maintain and improve soil conservation value through conserving soil, reduce sedimentation and reduce soil erosion to measure; maintain and water conservation function through the protection of water resources and flood prevention measure; Air-cleaning through absorption value of SO₂, reduce the absorption of fluoride and dust to measure; carbon fixation and oxygen release through vegetation value oxygen absorption of CO₂ and O₂ release to measure; maintain biodiversity functions, sand-fixing and wind preservation functional and the environment landscape function their evaluation index and function have the same name.3 Preliminary estimates the National Soil and Water Conservation ecosystem services volume value of the status quo: protection and conservation of water ecosystem services amount to 5.92 billion m³, maintain and improve the soil ecosystem services of a total of 8.09 billion tons. The various zones of ecological services for the overall ranking: Northwest >Southwest> South China> North China> Northeast; In additional, grass and forest measures, ecological restoration and project measures on the ecological services-oriented effect, and ecological restoration and the grass and forest measures more important than the projects measure; Simply take a soil and water conservation measures of soil and water significantly lower than the results of the effect of comprehensive measures.4 In 2003, additional soil and water conservation measures with a total value of ecological services for 10.021 billion yuan. Among them, maintain and improve soil and water conservation have a largest value. Sand-fixing and wind preservation functional is rather important in "Three North" area.5 Northeast, north China, northwest, south and southwest of five patches in 1950 ～ 1990, 1991, ～2005, 2006～2010, three periods of ecological services value is 74.668 billion yuan, 141.764 billion yuan and 172.692 billion yuan.6 Rainfall, soil erosion modulus, biological diversity and GDP was significantly correlated with ecological services total value, Soil bulk density, >10℃ accumulated temperature, wind speed, the average annual sunshine hours with total value is relevant intergovernmental relations, only with the total value of the average air humidity, altitude is not significant. The total value of ecological services is more sensitive.7 National water and soil conservation ecological services division to be three types of areas: water and soil conservation service fragile ecological zones （I）, sensitive district of soil and water conservation ecological services （II） and ecological monitoring district （III）.8 Soil and Water Conservation ecological services should be viewed as public goods; in the development process should be used for ecological compensation. Ecological compensation funds come from four ways: Region II, III region rely on industries, compensation for damage to sectors that benefit from benefit sectors; when resources development in I, the deposit should be paid to the development of enterprise compensation; II, III district through watershed ecological compensation for I district; establishment of a fund through all people taxes collected to co-ordinate arrangements for inter-generational compensation.9 In ecologic compensation strength, compensation strength to carry out full compensation to I and the soil and water conservation ecological services value is lower boundary; II ecological compensation intensity should do to meet "the necessary compensation" and "full compensation" according to local conditions, the soil and water conservation ecological services value is upper - limit; Soil and water conservation construction input can be as its upper - limit to III district.更多还原