【作者】 高俊峰；

【导师】 冯宗炜； 马克明；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 近年来，在北京东灵山地区，人类活动尤其是农耕活动和商业性旅游开发，导致了该地区景观结构特征和植物多样性的明显变化。以往在该地区开展的研究较多集中在自然条件下景观结构特征和植物多样性的分析，很少涉及人类活动对景观结构特征和植物多样性的影响。本文以1984、1994、2002年的TM影像资料为基础，分析了东灵山地区在近20年来人类干扰对整体景观结构特征的影响。用2002年影像资料，在ARCGIS中以村庄和公路为中心，采用缓冲方法构建了干扰带，同时，与群落水平的定点植物多样性调查研究相结合，来进一步研究人类干扰对该地区局部景观特征和植物多样性的影响，旨在揭示该地区人类活动对景观结构特征和植物多样性变化的内在影响和干扰机制，为该地区土地合理利用、旅游资源开发和生物多样性保护提供理论依据。(1)自然条件(海拔)和人类活动共同造就了该地区的整体景观特征和局部景观差异。海拔的本底作用，在整个区域营造了景观的总体特征，人类干扰则在村庄和公路附近产生较大影响，产生局部景观特征的变化，增加局部景观的破碎化、边缘化和多样性。距离村庄(250m，500m，750m)和距离公路(200m，400m)远近划定的缓冲干扰区反映人类活动干扰的梯度变化，随干扰区面积增加，各景观类型斑块的面积趋向于整合，以大斑块为主，破碎化程度下降，多样性减小，边缘复杂程度下降。(2)聚类分析结果表明，沿村庄和公路周边植物群落可归入4类不同的土地利用类型(农田、撂荒地、灌丛和林地)中，这再次验证了研究方法。在农耕活动等人为干扰下，林地经人类干扰(农耕和采伐等)转变为农田和灌丛，人类干扰作用强度依次为：村庄＞农田＞灌丛＞林地和草地。因此，可以肯定的是村庄和公路周边的人类活动明显改变了植物分布格局和多样性，尤其是草本植物种类、数量和分布的差异。(3)在村庄周边植物多样性研究中，对13个环境因子和134个物种进行主成份分析(PCA)和典范对应分析(CCA)后，结果表明土壤和地形因子成为影响植物群落变化的主要环境梯度。地形因子中的海拔梯度影响最大，其次是土壤因子，如有机质、PH值和水分等。沿公路周边对10个环境因子和42个物种进行主成份分析(PCA)后，结果也表明土壤和地形因子成为影响植物群落变化的主要环境梯度。地形因子中的海拔梯度影响最大，其次是土壤因子。海拔梯度成为影响植物群落变化的决定性因素之一。但人类干扰的影响也可能掩盖了海拔等自然环境因子造成的土壤条件变化后的影响。海拔梯度和人类干扰是植物格局变化的复合梯度，共同决定植物多样性和分布。(4)人类活动强度和方式不同产生了不同的土地利用类型，进而产生了不同的交界面类型，但交界面对于植物多样性产生了不同的影响，可能增加、减少或不改变植物多样性。植物群落相似性分析可以作为植物群落多样性分析的辅助方法，来分析土地利用类型差异造成的植物多样性分异。(5)公路周边植物多样性变化与村庄周边植物多样性变化相似，也是人类活动干扰和海拔等环境条件共同作用的结果。此外，二级公路对植物多样性的影响明显大于一级公路，可能是由于二级公路更利于人类进行农业耕作和旅游等商业性活动。由于公路是线性网状分布，可能扩大人类活动范围，加剧人类活动对当地景观结构、格局和植物多样性的影响。公路和村庄共同组成了人类活动的点线网络，复合影响着当地的植物多样性和景观格局动态。(6)植物多样性变化与人类活动及其造成的环境条件改变密切相关。从村庄周边不同土地利用类型中植物多样性的分异结果可以看出，植物多样性在灌丛群落中达到最低，在林地中达到最高，灌丛的干扰强度居中，农田和撂荒地的干扰强度最大，中度的干扰并没有加大植物多样性，反而使植物多样性最低，这与生态学家普遍认同的“中度干扰假说”有不一致的地方，可能与研究对象的差别有关，也反映出海拔与人类活动共同决定着植物多样性变化。(7)在景观和群落两个层次上，借助ARCGIS和FRAGSTATS软件，将遥感技术与传统的野外调查方法相结合，利用相关景观指数能够有效地分析人类活动对景观和植物多样性的影响，及人类活动与植物多样性和分布的关系，能够更好地揭示人类活动的影响作用和机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 During last years in Beijing regions, human disturbance, especially agricultural cultivation and economical tourism, resulted in obvious changes of landscape structure characteristics and plant diversity. Precious researches mostly focused on analyses of landscape structure and plant diversity under natural environments, had a few attentions on effects of human disturbance on both sides. In the paper, TM data of Dongling Mountainous region in 1984,1994,2002 year were used, in order to analyze effects of human disturbance on whole landscape structure and pattern in 20 years. Moreover, TM data in 2002 year were processed in ARCGIS, and buffers of different distances were constructed surrounding villages and roads. Then, both buffering analyses in landscape scale and plant diversity studies in community scale were linked, in order to further study effects of human disturbance on partial landscape characteristics and plant diversity, to find out inherent effects and disturbance mechanism of human disturbance on them, to provide theoretical bases for reasonable land utilizations、tourism explosions and biological diversity protections.(1) Both human disturbance and natural environment (e.g. the altitude) commonly resulted in the whole landscape characteristics and partial landscape differences. The altitude constructed the whole landscape characteristics in the region, and human disturbance had bigger influences on areas surrounding villages and roads, leaded to changes of partial landscape, and increased the partial fragmentations and diversity. Different distances apart from villages (including 250m, 500m, 750m) and roads (200m, 400m) reflected a gradient of human disturbance. With increasing disturbance distances, every landscape types majored in larger patches, represented a merging trend, and landscape fragmentations, diversity and edge complication all descended.(2) results of cluster analyses showed that plant communities surrounding villages and roads could be classified in 4 land uses (including farmland, fallow land, shrub and forest), and these proved of research methods again. Under human disturbance, the farmland and shrub replaced the forest, and the order of the disturbance intensity was village>farmland>shrub>forest and grass. Therefore, human disturbance changes plant diversity and distribution surrounding villages and roads, especially herb species.(3) in the study of plant diversity surrounding villages, PCA and CCA were used to analyze the correlation between 13 environmental factors and 134 plant species, result showed both soil and topographic factors were main influence factors. The altitude had larger influences on plant diversity; soil factors were secondly, e.g. SOM, pH and SW etc. in the study of plant diversity surrounding roads, PCA and CCA were also used to analyze the correlation between 10 environmental factors and 42 plant species, results also showed that soil and topographic factors were main influence factors. So, the altitude decided changes of plant diversity, however, human disturbance might cover these effects of the altitude. Both the altitude and human disturbance commonly decided plant diversity and distribution, and were coupling gradients effecting plant pattern.(4) different intensities and ways of human disturbance resulted in different land uses, and further shaped different ecotone. However, the ecotones had different effects on plant diversity, might increase, decreased or never alter plant diversity. Similar analyses of plant community helped to study plant diversity, in order to research differences of plant communities and diversity in different land uses.(5) changes of plant diversity surrounding villages and roads were similar, and were coupling effecting results of human disturbance and the altitude. Otherwise, secondary rank roads had larger effects on plant diversity than first rank roads, and because secondary rank roads were useful to human agricultural cultivation and economical tourism. Linear net distribution of roads expanded ranges of human activities, and enhanced effects of human disturbance on local landscape structure, pattern and plant diversity. Villages and roads commonly comprised networks of human activities, and had coupling effects on landscape pattern and plant diversity.(6) between plant diversity and human disturbance, as well as environmental changes were closely correlated. Studies of Plant diversity surrounding villages showed that plant diversity of shrub reached a bottom, which of forest reached a peak. Shrub was under middle human disturbance, and farmland and fallow land were under strong human disturbance. Plant diversity never reached a peak, and reached a bottom under middle disturbance. This phenomenon was not consistent with IDH (the hypothesis of intermediate disturbance), because of different study objects, and also reflected the altitude and human disturbance commonly decided changes of plant diversity.(7) in both landscape and community scales, in virtue of ARCGIS and FRAGSTATS software, combining remote technology and traditional field investigation, effects of human disturbance on landscape and plant diversity were studied by several landscape indexes, and correlation of human activities and plant diversity were also discussed, and effects and disturbance mechanism of human disturbance were also found out.更多还原