【作者】 程云；

【导师】 张洪江；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 缙云山地处三峡库区末端，拥有完整的亚热带森林群落类型，在一定程度上反映了中亚热带森林生态系统的天然本底，是系统研究森林涵养水源功能的天然实验室。在充分研究缙云山地区降雨特性的基础上，选择该地区常见的针阔混交林、阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林4种森林类型为研究对象，采用灰关联法、回归法对缙云山4种森林类型涵养水源机制进行研究；利用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊数学的方法建立森林涵养水源的评价指标体系；采用影子价格法、成本费用法和类比法，估算缙云山地区森林的生态功能价值。研究结论可为缙云山地区生态环境建设，及类似地区的借鉴提供参考；另通过对森林涵养水源的价值估算亦可为该地区生态补偿政策的标准化提供参考。具体内容包括：1)缙云山4种森林类型林内穿透雨与降雨量和降雨历时之间呈明显的线性关系。林冠层截留量随同期降雨量的增加呈幂函数关系；与林冠截留量相反，林冠截留率则随降雨量的增加而减少。缙云山4种森林类型枝叶的最大容水量为2.34～5.23t/hm~2，其中针阔混交林的最大容水量(5.23t/hm~2)最大，阔叶林(4.20t/hm~2)和楠竹林(4.14t/hm~2)次之，灌木林(2.34t/hm~2)最小。2)缙云山4种森林类型林地枯落物持水深与持水速率随时间变化呈逆函数的关系。枯落物最大持水率(枯落物充分吸水后质量与干质量之比)变动范围为206.05％～289.13％，顺序为：针阔混交林＞灌木林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林；枯落物的最大持水量变动范围为33.40～80.60t/hm~2，顺序为：灌木林＞针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林。灌木林林地枯落物持水力约为楠竹林林地枯落物持水力的2.41倍，而针阔混交林林地和阔叶林林地枯落物持水力分别约为楠竹林林地枯落物持水力的1.41和1.29倍。3)缙云山4种森林类型土壤蓄水量大小顺序为：灌木林＞针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林，而1.0m深土壤蓄水量大小顺序为：针阔混交林＞灌木林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林；表明，在相同土层厚度条件下，针阔混交林土壤具有较好的水源涵养能力，其1.0m深土壤的蓄水量为5201.50t/hm~2，是楠竹林的1.22倍。4)综合林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层的蓄水能力得出，缙云山4种森林类型的蓄水能力顺序为：灌木林＞针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林，并且缙云山地区林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层的蓄水过程中，土壤层的贡献率最大，其蓄水量占总蓄水量的98％以上。5)用灰关联法分析缙云山4种森林类型对地表径流和壤中流的影响，得出：①植被状况参数与地表径流系数之间的灰关联度均较大，枯落物厚度与地表径流的关联度最密切，影响也最大；草本层盖度和灌木层盖度次之；郁闭度最小；土壤状况参数中土壤入渗速率与壤中流的关联度最密切，影响也最大；土壤非毛管孔隙度和土壤厚度次之；土壤饱和持水力则最小。②通过森林类型对径流影响的分析得出，灌木林对地表径流的影响最大，阔叶林和楠竹林次之，针阔混交林最小；但对壤中流的影响针阔混交林最大，楠竹林和阔叶林次之，灌木林最小。③分析缙云山不同森林类型对径流量的影响发现，产生径流量的大小顺序为：阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞楠竹林＞农地＞灌木林，其中地表径流量的顺序为：楠竹林＞针阔混交林＞农地＞灌木林＞阔叶林。壤中流量的大小顺序为：阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞楠竹林＞灌木林＞农地。通过SPSS13.0软件的回归分析，发现三次方曲线对降雨量和地表径流量及壤中流流量的拟合结果最好，优度最高，因此，选用三次方曲线作为缙云山4种森林类型的地表径流量、壤中流流量和降雨量的模型。6)用层次分析法和模糊数学的方法建立的缙云山森林涵养水源评价指标体系，得出缙云山4种不同森林类型综合得分值大小顺序为：灌木林＞针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞楠竹林。说明缙云山地区灌木林的水源涵养效果最好，针阔混交林和阔叶林次之，而楠竹林相对效果最差。该结果与实测数据研究结果一致，表明建立的森林涵养水源评价指标体系可信，方法可行，可以为类似地区的森林涵养水源能力评价提供参考。7)通过影子价格法、成本费用法和类比法得出，缙云山地区生态功能的价值量约2.57万元/hm~2，其中森林涵养水源价值2547.28元/hm~2，防止水土流失价值863.75元/hm~2，增加土壤肥力价值5600.00元/hm~2，粮食增产价值415.00元/hm~2，净化空气价值16226.29元/hm~2。更多还原

【Abstract】 Jinyun Mountain, lying in tail end of Three Gorge reservoir area, is a spontaneousness laboratory to study systemly water resources conservation and recharge function of forest because it has integrated coenotype of subtropical broad leaved evergreen forest and reflects natural background of tropical forest ecosystem in central asia to a certain degree. On the base of fully study on rainfall characteristics of Jinyun Mountain area 4 familiar types of forest, namely mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, broad-leaf forest, Phyllostachys pupescens forest, and shrub forest had been chosen as subject investigated to study water resources conservation and recharge mechanism of different forest types in Jinyun Mountain and evaluate its value of ecological function by the means of grey correlation method, regression method, shadow price method, break-even cost method, and analogism. Then, evaluating indicator system of forestry water resources conservation and recharge had been established making use of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and fuzzing mathematics. The research conclusion not only contributes to construction project of ecological environment and Three Gorges project in the Yangtze Valley and but also has of far reaching importance to comprehensive amelioration of ecological environment and sustainable development of social economic in this region. Furthmore, value evaluation of forestry water resources conservation and recharge can offer reference to standardization of ecological compensation policy in this region. Concretion conclusion is below:1) There was a obvious linear relationship between forest intrinsic soaking rain and rainfall amount and rainfall duration of 4-type of forest; whereas storey interception had power function relation with increase of the corresponding period, contrastly, leaf canopy entrap rate decreased with increase of rainfall amount. Maximum moisture capacity of both that of branches and leaves of 4-type of forest in Jinyun Mountain was 2.34 - 5.23 t/hm~2 : maximum moisture capacity of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was maximal (5. 23 t/hm~2) , broad-leaf forest (4. 20 t/hm~2) , and Phyllostachys pupescens forest took second place (4. 14 t/hm~2) , and maximum moisture capacity of shrub forest was minimal(2.34 t/hm~2) .2) Through regression analysis, it concluded that retention deep of litter hadcontrafunctional relation to retention velocity with time variation. Variation range of maximal retention rate of 4-type of forest in Jinyun Mountain is 206.05% - 289. 13%, quantity gradation is: mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > shrub forest > broad leaved evergreen forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest. The variation range of maximum water-holding capacity of litter is 33.40 - 80.60 t/hm~2, quantity gradation is: shrub forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > broad leaved evergreen forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest. Retention ability of shrub forest litter was approximately 2. 41 times of retention ability of Phyllostachys pupescens forest litter, whereas retention ability of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest litter was approximately 1.41 times of retention ability of Phyllostachys pupescens forest litter and retention ability of broad-leaf forest litter was approximately 1.29 times of retention ability of Phyllostachys pupescens forest litter.3) Quantity gradation of soil moisture storage of 4-tipe of forest in Jinyun Mountain was: shrub forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > broad-leaf forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest, but quantity gradation of soil moisture storage in 1.0 m deep under surface was: mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > shrub forest > broad-leaf forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest. It indicated that soil of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest had better Water Resources conservation efficiency under condition of homology thickness of soiland its 1-meter-deep edaphic water-storage capacity was 5201. 50 t/hm~2, which was 1. 22 times of that of Phyllostachys pupescens forest.4) Through comprehensive analysis of water-holding capacity of storey, litter layer and soil horizon it concluded that quantity gradation of 4-type forest in Jinyun Mountain was: shrub forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > broad-leaf forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest, and soil horizon had maximal contribution to each type of forestat storey which water-storage capacity occupied more than 98% of total storage.5) Through grey correlation method analyzing effect of 4-type of forest on surface runoff and subterranean flow in Jinyun Mountain, conclusion was below: ①There was high degree of association between each vegetation status parameter and surface runoff coefficient and in all parameters litter thickness had the highest degree of association while cover degree of herbaceous layer and bush layer had lower degree of association and canopy density had lowest degree of association with surface runoff; In soil regime parameter soil infiltration velocity had the highest degree of association with subterranean flow while soil noncapillary porosity and soil thickness had higher degree of association and retention ability of soil saturation had lowest degree of association with subterranean flow. ②Through analysing effect of different types of forest on runoff it concluded that shrub forest had the biggest impact on surface runoff; broad-leaf forest and Phyllostachys pupescens had bigger impact on surface runoff and mixedbroadleaf-conifer forest had minimal impact on surface runoff; But to effect on subterranean flow mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was biggest; Phyllostachys pupescens forest and broad-leaf forest was bigger; shrub forest was minimal. ③Through analysing effect of different types of forest on runoff amount in Jinyun Mountain it showed that quantity gradation of producing runoff amount was below:broad-leaf forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest > farming terra > shrub forest;quantity gradation of producing surface runoff amount: Phyllostachys pupescens forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > farming terra > shrub forest > broad-leaf forest;quantity gradation of producing subterranean flow amount: broad-leaf forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest > shrub forest > farming terra. According to regression analysis by the medium of SPSS13. 0 software, cube curve had been chosen as model of subterranean flow and rainfall amount of 4 types of forest in Jinyun Mountain because it had a best fitting outcome between rainfall amount and surface runoff and subterranean flow.6) With Analytical Hierarchy Process and fuzzing mathematics evaluating indicator system of forestry water resources conservation and recharge in Jinyun Mountain had been established and quantity gradation of integration score of 4 types of forest in Jinyun Mountain had been reached: shrub forest > mixed broadleaf-conifer forest > broad-leaf forest > Phyllostachys pupescens forest. It indicated that shrub forest had the best effect on water resources conservation and recharge and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest and broad-leaf forest had better effect and Phyllostachys pupescens forest had the worst effect. The outcome had an accord with research result of observation data which showed that established evaluating indicator system of forestry water resources conservation and recharge was creditable.7) Through the medium of shadow pricing, break-even cost method and analogism, quantity of ecologicalally functional value was about 25 700 yuan / hm~2, and among them value of water resources conservation and recharge of forest was 2 547. 28 yuan / hm~2 value of erosion protection was 863.75 yuan / hm~2, value of increasing soil fertility was5 600. 00 yuan / hm~2, value of increasing grain was 415. 00 yuan / hm~2, value of cleaner air was 16 226. 29 yuan / hm~2.更多还原