【作者】 张磊；

【导师】 陈甬军；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 产业经济学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 在经济全球化和信息化条件下,企业国际化已成为其生存和发展的客观需要。本文是对国际化的中国企业如何充分利用国内外两个市场、两种资源,实施“走出去”战略,拓展国际市场发展空间,促进产业结构调整和升级,提升国际竞争力等问题的思考。第一章论文的导论从企业国际化的国、内外背景出发,提出本文研究的主要问题和目的。第二章在对企业国际化理论梳理的基础上,总结了改革开放以来中国企业国际化的实践过程,中国企业国际化发展的理论沿革,并给出相应的理论体系和战略框架。第三、四章在分析和评价西方企业国际化的发展历程、动因和发展趋势的基础上,对改革开放二十五年来,中国企业的国际化发展阶段、发展动因和发展状况进行评述。第五章通过比较和分析企业海外市场进入模式和国际化过程特征,论文认为中国转轨经济和发展中国家的特殊条件,决定了国际市场进入模式和国际化过程的差异化。第六章探讨在现有的国际竞争环境下,为什么需要转换传统竞争的思维模式和如何进行有效的国际竞争等问题。第七章主要研究在对外直接投资和跨国并购快速增长时期,不同产业对外直投资的目标导向和战略选择问题。第八章专门研究在“走出去”政策鼓励和支持下,已经进入跨国并购时代的中国企业的国际并购策略和并购模式。第九章国际化的对策建议。与现有的研究相比,本文对国际化发展战略的研究主要有以下特点:1.在研究范围上,本文研究的内容聚焦于中国企业国际化发展的几个主要问题上。如海外市场的进入模式和进入战略、如何与国外竞争者竞争、是直接投资还是跨国并购以及政府公共政策等。理论、实证、战略三位一体,紧密结合。2.在研究对象上,直接把国际化的中国企业作为研究对象,通过数据分析和案例研究,对中国企业如何选择自己的国际市场进入模式和竞争战略,如何提升核心竞争力和自主创新能力,如何从比较优势到竞争优势等问题提供意见和建议。3.论文总结和归纳了中国企业国际化发展的理论体系和战略框架,提出了针对中国国情的若干政策建议。对中国企业国际化发展战略的系统研究是具有一定挑战性的课题,从中国企业国际化的实践看,越来越多的企业走出国门,在国际市场上大显身手,但面对变幻万千的国际市场,往往是镜花水月。因此,分析和研究与国际化发展战略密切相关的战略问题,以便为国际化的中国企业提供相应的理论指导,对于促进和保证国际化战略的顺利实施,具有重大的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the conditions of the economic globalization and the information revolution, the enterprise globalization has become the objective need for its survival and development. This paper is the considerations for the problems like how the internationalized Chinese enterprise fully utilizes the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, to implement the“walking out”strategy, exploit the development space in the international market, promote the adjustment and the upgrade of the industrial structure, and improve the international competitiveness, etc. The research for this subject mainly encloses what the key elements determining the success of the internationalization of the enterprise are, what kind of the development mode the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise should follow, what the entrance mode and the route selection for the international market are, how the Chinese enterprise improves the international competitiveness and select the route for the external investment, as well as how the Chinese government supports and lead the internationalization development of the enterprise, etc to discuss.The theory for the enterprise internationalization sets the multi-boundary operating behavior in the enterprise as the research object, which has been developed since 1950s, and mainly outspreading along three main lines, including the enterprise internationalization theory with the trade investment field as the research object, the theory of the internationalization stage with the multi-national operating behavior and the internationalization process as the main line as well as the external direct investment theory with the multinational company as the principal part of the research. Based on combing the theory for the enterprise internationalization, it analyzes the practice process of the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise since the Reform and the Opening-up, and relatively systematically proposes the theoretic evolution and the future trend of the internationalization development in the Chinese enterprise and expatiates the theoretic system and the strategic frame of the strategy for the internationalization development of the Chinese enterprise.The internationalization process of the modern western enterprise is the process of the economic globalization and the adjustment of the industrial structure in the world. The look-after for the resource, the market, the efficiency and the strategic assets is the main drive for the internationalization development of the enterprise inthe western developed country represented by the multinational company, and the multi-national company is the senior stage of the internationalization development of the enterprise. Compared with the developed country, the drives for the internationalization development of the enterprise in the developing country mainly incarnates in the three aspects of the trade orientation, the resource orientation and the technology acquisition. The drives for the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise are mainly pushed by the internal development needs like the resource orientation, the market orientation, the technology orientation as well as the brand orientation, etc.For the twenty-five years of the Reform and the Opening-up, the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise is divided into two stages of the internal internationalization and the external internationalization (the“walking out”stage), and now we are right in the key moment for transforming from the junior stage to the senior stage of the external-type internationalization, i.e. the multi-national company stage. Up to Year 2004, the external direct investment from China was only equivalent to 0.55% of the foreign direct investment in the whole world, and is in the relatively low level compared with the developed country, but the growing speed is very fast. The coverage rate of the enterprise with the outbound investment is 71%, and the investment in the Asian region accounts for over 70%, and the distribution of the investment structure and region is not so reasonable.The entrance modes to the overseas market by the enterprise include four types of modes of the trade-type entrance, the contract-type entrance, the investment-type entrance as well as the strategic union-type entrance. The experience research shows that the internationalization of the enterprise is a gradually advancing process, and this kind of the gradual advancement includes two layers of the conversion of the entrance mode for the overseas market and the expansion of the area of the overseas market. The internationalization of the Chinese enterprise has its unique characteristics: the track-conversion economy and the developing country. Therefore the Chinese enterprise faces the double missions of the market transformation and the internationalization, which have determined that it has the obvious differences with the western enterprise in terms of the entrance mode for the foreign market, the competition strategy and the external investment means.After the latter transition period of the WTO, the comparative advantages of theChinese enterprise in the past will be gradually weakened, and the Chinese enterprise in the internationalization needs to convert the thinking pattern for the traditional competition. The structure school, the capacity school and the resource school in the competition strategy of the enterprise statically research and analyze the headspring of the competition advantage in the enterprise. In the era of the economic globalization, the theory of the enterprise competition strategy is facing the new topics. The key of the competition advantage is the core competitiveness in the enterprise, and the key of the international competition for the Chinese enterprise is how to achieve the conversion from the comparative advantage to the competitive advantage. The research shows that the Chinese enterprise should fully utilize the taches of the advantages in the value chain, and through the international strategic union, to achieve the thorough conversion from“made in China”to“created in China”.The senior stage of the enterprise internationalization i.e. the stage of the conversion to the multi-national company is the period for the quick growth of the external direct investment and the multi-national merger. The theories like the monopoly advantage theory, the internalization theory, the compromise theory for the international production and the comparative advantage theory for the external direct investment, etc have explained the external investment issue in the developed country from the different layers. The statistic data show that our country is right in the period of the conversion from the 2nd stage to the 3rd stage of the international industrial structure, and many industries have been developed into the“boundary industry”. The external direct investment is the internationalization mode with the maximum risks, and no matter for the foreign production or the domestic production, or using our own brand or the foreign brand, the choice for the external investment strategy should focus in the globalized vision, and depend on the core competitiveness of the enterprise itself and the competition status of it in the industry.Observing from two aspects of the drive and the strategic objective of the external investment, at present, in general, the external investment from China can be divided into four kinds of the investment types of the greenbelt investment, the multi-national merger, the R & D and the strategic union, etc. China has the outstanding achievements for the external investment, but also has the serious problems. How to obtain the resource, the technology, the brand, the international channel and the talent through the external investment will be the strategic choice forthe external investment in our country within a period in the future.The multi-national merger is the most primary means in the international direct investment, and the multi-national company has the leading functions in the multi-national merger. The related statistic research data show that 70% of the international merger cases are out of hand as the failures. Encouraged and supported by the“walking out”policy, the Chinese enterprise has walked into the era of the multi-national merger, but compared with the multi-national merger in the western world, the problems like the gap of the merger strength, the obstacles in the system, the orientation of the strategic objectives and the preparation before the merger, etc are the problems that the multi-national merger by China must face and solve. The practice has proved that whether the enterprise owns the core competitiveness, whether it owns the globalized talent and whether it has the integration capacity across the culture are the keys for the success of the international merger.In the statements for the international competitiveness by the authoritative organizations like WEF and IMD, etc, the position for the global competitiveness of China is sliding down, and the reasons mainly incarnate as the insufficiencies in three aspects of the elements in the macro economic environment, the quality of the public institution that provides the support for the development and the technical completeness as well as the innovation level. After the latter transition period of the WTO, as the deepening of the internationalization level, it has become an emergency for developing and improving the international competitiveness of the industry and the upgrade of the industrial structure. The industrial competitiveness determines the competitiveness of the country, and the industrial competitiveness depends on the industrial competition environment and the industrial innovation capacity. The industrial competition environment includes the investment environment, the system environment, the industrial policy environment, the construction for the product, the technology and the brand in the enterprise, the treatment structure in the company as well as the internationalized talent, etc. The technology advancement and innovation are the headspring to drive the economic development in the world, and lacking of the core technology, the independent intellectual property right and the innovation capacity are the fundamental reasons for that the industrial structure in our country possesses in the dry tree in the international working division. For establishing the innovation system with the market as the orientation, the enterprise as the principalpart and the combination of the production, the study and the research, it needs to correctly deal with the relationships between the import and the innovation, and the basic research and the integrated research, the perfect protection system for the intellectual property and the good innovation environment.Compared with the current researches, the research for the internationalization development strategy in this paper mainly has the following characteristics:1. For the research scope, it does not talk in generalities and reach every aspect of a matter, but focuses the research content in the several main problems for the internationalization development of the Chinese enterprise. The internationalization development strategy first is the selection for the entrance mode and strategy for the overseas market. How the Chinese enterprise selects the internationalized industry and region, how to compete with the foreign competitor, whether it is the direct investment or the domestic production, whether it is the strategic union or the multi-national merger, and how the Chinese government guides and serves the internationalization development in the enterprise, etc With the close combination of the theory, the demonstration and the strategy, the research in the whole paper has the complete structure and the prominent emphases.2. In term of the research objective, it closely connects with the practice, to directly make the Chinese enterprise in the internationalization as the research objective, and through the huge amount of the data and the case researches, it provides the specific and practical guidance for the problems like how the Chinese enterprise selects its own entrance mode and the competition strategy in the international market, how to improve the core competitiveness and the independent innovation capacity, how to transform from the comparative advantage to the competitive advantage, etc, and has the relatively strong maneuverability.3. In term of the research method, due to the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise develops fast, and at present, it lacks of the systematic research and the regularized management, and it is relatively difficult to collect the material, and the statistic data have the relatively big differences due to the sources are different, therefore this paper more adopts the historical and comparison analysis methods, and through the analyses for the internationalization course, the current situation and the comparison for the developed country, especially the multi-national company, it tries to find out the ordinary rules and the common characteristics of theinternationalization development of the enterprise, to guide the internationalization practice of the Chinese enterprise. Based on the qualitative analysis, it stresses to discuss with the data, to enhance the persuasion and improve the practical value of the research. The combination of the static analysis and the dynamic analysis is the method often used in this paper. The combination of the dynamic and static analyses is helpful to master the trend of the change of the internationalization development of the enterprise, thus to provide the effective theoretic guidance for the strategic planning in the internationalized enterprise in the future.It is a challenging topic of the systematic research for the internationalization development strategy of the Chinese enterprise, and at present, there are not so many research achievements. Observing the practice of the internationalization of the Chinese enterprise, more and more enterprises are walking out of the country, to strut their stuffs in the international market, but facing the international market changing dramatically, it is often an illusion. Therefore, researching and solving the external obstacles and international restrictive conditions for the internationalization development of the Chinese enterprise, especially the problems closely connected with the internationalization development strategy, thus to provide the theoretic analysis and the guidance for the Chinese enterprise in the internationalization, it has the important and practical significances for promoting and ensuring the successful implementation of the internationalization strategy.更多还原