学校制度情境中的学生道德生活

【作者】 薛晓阳；

【导师】 丁钢；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 人类从荒野走向文明的同时，她的生活也随之被制度化了。一种被束缚的生活却成为人类通向理想世界的必经之途。现代人不喜欢制度化带来的束缚，却同时在享受着它赠予的文明与成果。事实上，不管我们如何反对制度化给予我们的压力，但无论如何我们无法拒绝它。因为在事实上，制度化代表了现代文明的一种积极力量，它为人类通向美好的乌托邦理想铺平了道路。 然而，在我们能看到的批判中，人类进入制度化生活的缺陷被无限扩张了。在这种批判中，让我们看到人类正在被制度化的生活所奴役，但事实或许并非如此，就教育生活而言，一切真正的教育都不可能离开制度化的安排。教育本身的确制造了一种发展的轨道，但这种轨道在可能阻碍人的自由成长的同时，它又是自由成长不可缺少的。可以毫不夸张地说，一切自由的东西，又都是不自由的；而一切个体的东西，又必须是教育的。生命正是在教育中成长，并在教育中获得自由。 无论如何我不能相信，道德的制度化已经强大到那种程度，学校的道德生活是不是已经被彻底的制度化。作为一种制度，我们的学校的确在格式化孩子们的生活。但即使如此，当我们走进孩子们的生活时，似乎又看到完全不同的景象。在严肃的制度背后，在强大的体制之下，生命照样在流动，每一个人，包括我们的教育者和被教育者，都在以自己的方式思考着。孩子们的生活并不是由红头文件构造的，教育或许不可能逃避一种制度的束缚，但它又是在每一个教育者的个人想象中存在着。在他们的想象和创造中，我才得以在按部就班的校园里看到生命跳动的影子。教育或许真的是一种公共的空间，政府的文件、校长的意志、学者们的理论，大概没有一种力量能够独自左右孩子们的生活。 我们的教育者究竟还有没有建构学校道德生活的能力?当你真正置身于学校之中，与一个个生活事件相遇时，你就会发现这种疑问是多余的，任何强大的制度和规范都不能瓦解教育者对教育生活的建构，以及孩子们自己对生活的认识和理解。教育在本质上就是“教育者与教育的制度作游戏”。 老师或许就是一种制度，她的一个眼神就能穿透一个冥顽不化的灵魂，就可决定一个孩子的命运。只有她们，才有资格担当上帝的角色。今天，老师们有了独立思考的自由，而且他们的思考也有了付诸实践的可能。如果说，孩子们不是生活在制度中，那就一定是生活在老师们的想象中。因为，老师们的心血来潮或刹那间的想法，已经成为决定孩子们学校生活不可忽视的因素。 孩子们有自己的愿望，这个愿望是教育者们永远也难以捉摸的。教育研究之所以没有完结的时候，是因为孩子们的心灵永远没有被认识的一天。回到孩子们的心灵中，回到孩子们的愿望之中，这是教育研究的根本。孩子们期待的，是他们做人的尊严和权力，这是不可压制的东西，也许只有它们才是构成学校生活的基础。孩子们永远有他们自己的生活，生活中有他们自己的主题，而不管构造他们生活的制度是如何精心地设计和安排。任何道德教育只有顺从这种力量才能最终成为他们生活的一部分，而任何试图跃过这种力量的教育或许只能得到一个结果，这就是被拒绝。 生活是有规则的，孩子们也是有理智的。无论你有多么优秀，无论你有多么正确，但你必须看护好自己的边界，用尝试和对话的方式去触摸和挑动这个世界。无论这种规则是法定的，还是由老师们的偏好构成的。在这种规则中，孩子们学会了自由和选择，懂得把自己的意志放在一个有规则的游戏中。他们必须知道，老师既是一个爱他们的人，又是一个必须接受的权威。 孩子们的单纯的，这种单纯或许是教育的结果，亦或是是天性的表达?也许是永远不能解答的疑问。但不管怎么说，孩子们是真诚的，他们生活在成人世界之外，他们给我们另一种生活，即便他们被强大的制度和文化包围着。从孩子的世界中流露出的是蕴藏在人类天性中的美，任何试图伤害这种美的行为都是一种屠杀，然而，再残酷的屠杀也不能消灭这个来自天堂里的美。恶——魔鬼——也许只有等待，在他们离开童年的那一刻，只有在这个时候，屠杀或许能够成为可能。更多还原

【Abstract】 When the humanity heads for the civilization from the wilderness, at the same time, her life also began to be institutionalized along with it. A fettered life has become an indispensable way to the ideal world. The modern people do not like the fetter which the institution brings, but at the same time is actually enjoying the civilization and the achievement which is presented. In fact, no matter how we oppose the institution which gives our pressure, but in any case we can not refuse it. Because the institution has in fact represented a positive force of modern civilization .it has smoothed the way for the humanity to the happy Utopia.However, in the critique which we can see, the defects of institutionalized life have been greatly exaggerated. In this kind of critique, we can see that human life is being institutionalized slavery, but perhaps this is not the case. In terms of education, it is not impossible to leave the arrangement of the institution. Education itself has made one kind of development track, and this kind of track indeed hindered human’s free growth, but in the same time, it also was essentially for human’s freedom. May not exaggerate said, all free things, are not free; And all individual thing, also must be educated. The life precisely grows in the education, and obtains the freedom in the education.Anyway, I could not believe that morality has been institutionalized to the extent that the ethical and moral life of the school has been completely rebuilt. As a kind of institution, our schools do format the lives of children. But even so, when we entered the children’s lives, it also seemsto see a completely different picture. Behind the serious system, the life is flowing in the same old way. Each person, including our educators and the educated, is considering in its own way. The children were not alive for official documents issued. The education may not be possible to escape the shackles of institution. But it exists in each educator’s individual imagination. In their imagination and creativity, we can see the life beating on the step-by-step campus. Maybe education really is a public space, government’s document, principal’s will, the scholar theory, probably does not have the strength to force the child life alone.Does our educator actually have the ability of constructing school morals life? When you really placed in the school, and meet some life events, you will find this question is unnecessary, any strong education system and norms all can not collapse the education life construction by educator, as well as the understanding of life by children themselves. The essence of education is "the educator and the education system make the game".Perhaps teacher is the system, she can penetrate a fatuous soul, may decide a child’s destiny. Only they have the qualifications to take on God’s role. Today, teachers had the freedom to think independently. Moreover, they can put their ideas into practice. If we say that children are not living in the system, it must be living in the teacher’s imagination. Because the teacher’s whim and sudden ideas have become the factor which should not be ignored in children’s school life.The children have their own desire, and the desire is elusive to the educator. The education research has no end, because the children’s hearts will never be recognized. It is fundamental for the education research to return to the hearts of the children and back to the children’s wishes. The children’s anticipation is their personhood’s dignity andauthority, this is a thing which can not be suppressed, and perhaps it constitutes the foundation of their school life. The children have their own life, and have their own theme to the life, regardless of the system which is designed and arrange carefully. Any moral education, which can only fall of this force, will eventually become part of their lives. And any attempt to leap this strength only to be able to obtain a result, this is rejected.The life has the rule, the children also have the reason. No matter how good you are, no matter how correct you are, but you have to care of your own border, and have to touch and provoke this world in the dialogue way. Whether such rules are statutory, or caused by the teacher’s preference, In this procedure, the children have learned the freedom and the choice, understood to be able to impose their will on the rules of a game. They must know that the teacher is not only the person who loves them, but also the authority that must be accepted.Children’s simple, this may be the result of education, or are vented expression? Perhaps the question will never be answered. But in any case, children are sincere, they are not living in the adult world, they give us a different life, Even if they are surrounded by a strong system and culture. Goodness, as human nature, is embedded from the children world. Any attempt to harm it is a massacre. However, the most brutal massacre would not wipe out the goodness from heaven. Evil — the devil — perhaps only wait for the moment that they leave childhood, only this time, slaughter could become a possibility.更多还原