【作者】 李功奎；

【导师】 钟甫宁；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 农地细碎化一般被描述为农户所经营的土地被分成零碎的、分散的、地块大小不一的几块，这一现象普遍存在于世界各国，但发展中国家尤为明显，中国也不例外。随着20世纪80年代初的家庭联产承包责任制的推行，我国农地制度由集体所有、集体统一经营变为集体所有、农户家庭承包经营，即单个农户的土地经营取代了生产队集体统一经营。一方面，虽然这一制度变迁为中国农业生产的发展，农民收入的提高做出了贡献，但另一方面，也使得我国农地划分细碎、使用分散，再次回到了农地的细碎化经营状态，并使我国成为农地细碎化程度最高的国家之一。这一现象的出现是由于当时的土地平均分配机制，即按照农户家庭的人口(或劳动力)、土地的质量、地块离家的远近等将土地分配给农户家庭。并且由于农户家庭人口变动等原因，土地的再调整频繁出现，使得农户承包经营的土地不仅规模越来越小，而且越来越分散化、细碎化，在有些地区，分散化、细碎化程度更为突出。 农地细碎化现象的存在对农业生产和农民收入具有积极的和消极的影响。例如，农地细碎化现象的存在，可使农户在不同的地块进行多元化种植，可以降低洪灾、旱灾、病虫害等农业生产风险，可以使劳动力得到合理的配置并得到充分地利用，并且通过安排土地质量和家庭规模平均分配土地所导致的土地细碎化在一定程度上可实现食物安全和公平。但是农地细碎化现象的存在被认为是农村土地经营所面临的最主要障碍之一，因为农地细碎化的存在，不仅由于田埂的存在等方面浪费了耕地资源，而且导致劳动力和农业机械等要在不同地块间进行转移而提高了农业生产成本，降低了农业机械的使用效率和农业生产的规模经济效应，降低了农业的产出水平，阻碍了农业机械化进程和现代化的实现，增加了农业生产的负外部效应，甚至还增加了邻居间的矛盾和摩擦，因而农地细碎化的存在意味着社会效率的损失。基于以上对农地细碎化问题的争论，本研究将通过实证分析探讨在某些特定的条件下农地细碎化问题的合理性。 本研究的总目标是围绕农地细碎化对农户劳动力利用和农户收入的影响展开的。研究在分析我国农地制度变迁的基础上，利用第一手的调查资料(以江苏省经济欠发达地区为例)，分析在我国人地比例高并存在大量农业剩余劳动力的特定条件下，农地细碎化现象的存在是否是农户进行多样化经营，充分利用劳动力，提高资源配置效率，追求农业收入最大化而出现的必然结果。研究的主要内容和结论陈述如下：更多还原

【Abstract】 Farmland fragmentation, in which a household operates more than one separate plot of land, is a common phenomenon in many countries all over the world, especially in developing countries, include China. With the implementation of house responsibility system(HRS) at the beginning of the eighties of the 20th century, the farmland system of our country is turned into collectives possession, peasant household management from collectives possession, collectives management, i.e. individual land of peasant household’s management replace production-team’s collectives management. On one hand, the rural land reform promoted China’s agricultural development and increased peasants’ income. On the other hand, the rural land reform made of our country farmland divide in small, scattered, and fragmented. Therefore, China became one of the most fragmented countries. Under this reform, farmland was allocated equally to individual households in terms of land per capita and/or per labor, soil quality, and distance of plots to homestead so as to provide an adequate base for family’s livelihood. In subsequent years, periodic land readjustments because of change of population of household’s family made every per capita land share smaller and small er with each readjustment. In some area, the degree of farmland fragmentation is more conspicuous.Land fragmentation can have both beneficial and adverse side-effects on agricultural production and peasant’s income. For instance, it can reduce agricultural production risk through diversification such as flood, droughts, plant diseases and insect pests, etc; it may enable household to allocate their own labor over the season. In addition, land fragmentation in some area has to a certain extent realized food security and equity among farm households by distributing land plots in terms of soil quality and family size. Land fragmentation, however, is still often believed to be one of the major obstacles existing in rural land management. Land fragmentation wasted cultivated land resources due to ridge of field, and increased production cost for multiple travel among land plots, and reduced the efficiency of agriculture machine and economies of scale, and prevented the realization of mechanization modernization, and increased negative effect of agricultural production. In更多还原