【作者】 周广生；

【导师】 骆炳山；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 作物栽培， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 水资源短缺已成为全球性危机，干旱已成为一个世界性的难题。资料显示，干旱对世界粮食作物的影响在各自然逆境中居首位，其危害相当于其它自然灾害之和。我国水资源十分贫乏，且时空分布极不平衡，随着人口增长及城市化和国民经济的快速发展，供水危机势必日益加剧。我国农业用水占总用水的70％，其中，水稻用水又占约70％，既是耗水大户，其节水潜力也最大。 因此，培育和筛选抗旱性强的水稻品种，实施节水栽培，不仅是可持续发展水稻生产、保障粮食供给的关键，而且关系到缓解我国供水危机的大局。然而，在培育筛选抗旱性强的品种和节水栽培过程中，首先遇到的是品种抗旱性的评价问题，对此国内外进行了大量的研究，取得丰硕的成果，但尚缺乏一能快速简便适于早期鉴定品种抗旱性的高效技术方法。本研究旨在前人工作的基础上，试图通过比较分析不同鉴定时期和鉴定方法，从中找到适于早期能高效、快速、简便鉴定品种抗旱性的技术方法。其主要结果如下： 1．孕穗期，采用传统干旱棚田间鉴定法评价了30个品种的抗旱性 从征集到的500多个品种中，依其对抗旱性的初步了解，挑选出30个具有代表性的水陆稻粳籼品种，于干旱棚中进行田间孕穗期抗旱鉴定，并以产量抗旱系数(α)为指标确认其抗旱性能排序。其结果为抗旱育种亲本选择及节水栽培提供了参考依据，并从中筛选出了一组生育期相近，且在抗旱性上具强、中、弱明显差异的16个品种，作为进一步深入研究的材料。 2．通过对16个代表品种的不同生育期或方法的抗旱性比较鉴定，取得如下结果： (1) 品种抗旱性的排序因鉴定时期的不同存在差异 均在大田条件进行抗旱性鉴定，孕穗期与苗期各品种抗旱性的相关性达到了极显著水平(r=0.693)，但其排序发生了变化。如隔山道在孕穗期的抗旱性排在第四位，而在苗期则排在第九位。 (2) 品种抗旱性排序因鉴定条件或指标的不同存在差异 孕穗期，盆栽与田间的鉴定结果存在较大差异，其抗旱性排序发生了变化。二者虽然呈正相关，但未达到显著水平(r=0.447)。 (3) 在5个不同鉴定试验中，排名前5位品种的重现率达40％-80％ 如以传统田间孕穗期抗旱鉴定结果为标准(产量抗旱系数)排名前五位的品种，在分蘖期(盆栽)、孕穗期(盆栽)和种子萌发期(PEG胁迫)等干旱鉴定试验中以综合生长指标(D)为标准，排名前5品种的重现率可达到40％-60％，而苗期(田间)干旱鉴定中以D值为标准，抗旱性前5位品种的重现率则达到80％。其中R55427-01在5个鉴定试验中均居前2位。这说明以综合生长为指标(D)可较好反映品种的抗旱性能，特别是苗期。从而为抗旱性的早期鉴定提供了试验依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water shortage is a world crisis and drought is a difficult problem the whole world must face. According to documents, drought is the roughest natural stress to the production of cereal crops, which equal all other natural element’s negative effect on them. China lacks of water resources and the allocation of them is not balanced among the regions and seasons. With the increase of population, urbanization and rapid development of national economy, water supply will be more critical. Paddies’ cultivation which consumes 70% of water used by agricultural industry, which consumes 70% of the total consumption of water of the country, is the No.1 water consumer and has great potential of water-saving.Therefore, breeding and screening the variety of paddy which is drought- resistance and cultivating them with economical amount of water is key to sustainable paddy production and food supply and can release the water supply crisis of China. However, in the process of breeding and screening drought resistance varieties and water-saving cultivation, appraisal the drought resistance is the first problem. Although there are massive researches and substantial results at home and abroad, there is still lack of a technique which can appraise the varietals draught resistance quickly and simply in the early growth stage.This research is intended to find such a technique by analyzing and comparing different appraisal times and methods on the basis of previous works. Its main results are as follows:1. In rainless shed different drought resistance of 30 varieties are appraised by the traditional method at booting stageAccording to the preliminary understanding of drought resistance, 30 representative varieties of rice are chose from 500 to be used to carry on booting stage in rainless shed, and then the performance arrangement is defined by taking the drought resistance of yield coefficient as an index. The result provides a reference to the choice of parents in drought resistance breeding, and with its help, 16 varieties which have close growth stage and evidently different extent of drought resistance have been chosen for the farther research.2. The following results are obtained by comparing 16 representative varieties’ drought resistance at different growth duration or under different cultivations.1) The arrangements of the extent of drought-resistance differ in different appraisal stages.All the appraisals are carried on in field, and the correlation between drought更多还原