【作者】 王成社；

【导师】 王辉；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农作物遗传育种， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 小麦是我国主要粮食作物之一，在提高人民生活水平和保障国家安定团结方面具有举足轻重的作用。小麦育种是提高小麦产量、品质和抗逆性的主要途经，开展小麦育种技术研究无疑对提高我国小麦生产具有积极的促进作用。本文通过对小麦花培育种效率与不同杂种世代取材的关系研究、小麦幼胚萌芽研究、以及与小麦温室加代等技术的集成，试图探寻出一种育种新技术，使小麦育种工作能在一年内完成创造变异、稳定变异和选择变异的工作，提高小麦育种的效率。主要取得以下几点结果： 1．通过对小麦花培育种效率与不同杂种世代取材的关系研究表明：用F_l代材料进行花药培养育种的效率非常低，特别是在目前的花培苗群体较小的情况下几乎是不可能的，这也可能就是过去几十年小麦花培育种效率低的主要原因。根据本实验结果及理论分析认为：目前花培育种应结合常规育种的田间选择工作，取F₂或F₃代（特别是F₃代）材料进行花药培养，育种效果较好。 2．小麦胚的发育从合子开始，一般在小麦受精后7天左右，在胚柄和胚芽鞘形成的开口之间，形成一突起，以后这个突起慢慢向前延伸，定型为一外胚叶结构。在胚形成12天左右，培根原基开始出现。小麦幼胚培养一般在受粉后15天左右效果较好，在此时进行幼胚萌芽可以缩短生育期25天左右，萌芽率可以达到90％以上。通过对小麦幼胚萌芽的试验研究表明：①小麦在受精后8天就可以萌芽，但萌芽率仅为28.33％（反正旋转化后为：22.8％），12天的为52.13％（62.3％），16天的为72％（90.5％），20天的为76.94％（94.9％）：②培养基对幼胚萌芽的作用不太明显，MS和改良MS的作用基本相同；③先暗培养，再光培养的效果高于直接光培养的效果；④加激素的得苗率为56.38％，不加激素的得苗率为58.39％。不加激素的得苗率比加激素的得苗率高1.94％。 3．根据在陕西关中地区的气候特点，结合花药培养、幼胚萌芽和温室加代，设计了速效育种模式，并进行了全过程研究。结果表明：在一年时间内，不管是冬小麦还是春小麦都可以收获4代，完成小麦从杂交到稳定的过程。繁殖四代的累计天数随材料不同而不同，平均累计天数为336.63，春性材料C161-2的累计天数较少，仅290天，冬性材料陕229的累计天数较多，达到383天。采用幼胚萌芽可以缩短累计天数。用种子得苗，四代平均累计天数为341天，幼胚培养为332天，二者相差9天。 4．速效育种模式的株穗数较少，平均为1.51；穗粒数随代数而不同，平均穗粒数为9.76粒；世代之间差异较大，第一世代四个处理平均19.22粒，第二世代14.22粒，第四世代6.28粒；第一世代授粉后17天的出苗率平均是61.41％，第二代是55.17％，第四代由于是完熟的，出苗率较高，达到95.1％，总平均82.84％。 5．根据本试验结果，结合前人的研究，我们提出适宜陕西省关中的速效育种方法更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat is one of the major grain crop in our country. It has the role of act enough importance in the aspect of raising the people’s living standard and ensuring national stable solidarity. Wheat breeding is a mainly via to raise wheat yield, quality and adaptiveniss. It has undoubtedly positive promote role for raising the wheat production of our country that develops breeding technical research of wheat. This paper will show a new breeding technology that was integrated by wheat cultivation in greenhouse with anther and young embryo culture technologies .It makes wheat breeding from creating variation to steady variation consummately in one year, and rise breeding efficiency. Getting the result mainly as follows:1. The wheat haploid plantlets from anther culture were of theoretical and applied interest. Induced haploid spirophytes may play a key role, not only in increasing the efficiency of breeding programs by producing pure lines rapidly, but also in the elucidation of fundamental genetics. However large numbers of experiments turned out that there are many problems with low rate of green plantlet from anther culture, difficulties of saving plantlets pass through summer, low rate of double chromosome, extrusive contradiction between technique of wheat anther culture and variety improvement. So wheat anther culture have not played a role in wheat breeding. Studies were carried out on the relationship between the breeding efficiency of anther culture and the use of different hybrid generations as anther-donors plants in wheat. It was shown that previously the low breeding efficiency of anther culture in wheat cross breeding was mainly due to the use of F₁ as anther-donors. Experimental results demonstrated that the breeding efficiency of anther culture in F₁ generation was very low, especially when presently the doubled haploid population was usually very small. Based on the experimental results as well as the theoretical analysis this paper proposes that use of F₂ or F₃ （especially F₃） as anther-donors in combination with the conventional selection in the fields will increase the breeding efficiency of anther culture. Under the guidance of this proposal 2 wheat varieties have been developed within 5～7years through anther culture.2. Growth of the wheat embryo from ovule,About 7 days after pollination, generally, a更多还原