【作者】 沈逍江；

【导师】 严建华； 池涌； 岑可法；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 工程热物理， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 医疗废物是《国家危险废物名录》中的头号危险废物，含有大量细菌和病毒，处置不当将对环境造成严重威胁。 本文依托于国家自然科学基金项目《危险废弃物在回转窑内的焚烧机理研究No．50276055》，对医疗废物回转窑热解焚烧处置展开了研究。在医疗废物的基础特性研究的基础上，对医疗废物的微型规模(TGA)热解焚烧机理和快速热解特性进行了研究；随后在回转窑实验台上进行了批量给料与连续给料试验研究，并对热解残渣和焦油的燃烧特性进行了热重实验研究；最后提出了医疗废物新型回转窑热解焚烧系统，并在医疗废物集中处置示范装置上进行了试验研究。 第一部分，医疗废物基础特性研究：综述了国内外医疗废物处置现状和各种处置技术，认为回转窑热解焚烧处置医疗废物是符合国情的先进处置技术。在详细讨论医疗废物定义、分类的基础上，通过文献综述和实地调查总结了我国医疗废物的产出特点及其毒性与传染性。通过调研得出了我国医疗废物的实际组成与成份、含水率、热值、密度等基础物理特性，为设计医疗废物集中无害化处置设施提供了依据。 第二部分，微型规模热解机理研究：采用热天平系统地研究了医疗废物中八种典型组分的热解燃烧动力学特性，分析了升温速率、气氛等因素对各组分失重特性的影响。在动力学特性的研究基础上，建立了表观多步一级热解燃烧反应模型。TG-DTG特性表明，医疗废物混合组分热解实质上是各组分独立热解的线性叠加，并据此提出了医疗废物混合组分表观多步一级模型，成功地实现了医疗废物混合组分热解反应动力学的模拟。接下来在快速热解试验台上对医疗废物典型组分的快速热解特性进行了研究，分析了热解终温、质量、颗粒大小、水分等对各组分的失重特性影响，并对混合组分的快速热解特性进行了研究。 第三部分，回转窑实验台的试验研究：在1kg小型批量外热式回转热解炉上全面研究了医疗废物热解、气化特性，讨论了加热方式、物料粒径、水分、热解气化终温等因素对热解气化产物分布及产物特性的影响。接下来在5L／h连续给料医疗废物热解气化试验台上针对四种最主要的医疗废物展开了热解气化特性研究，研究了过量空气系数、热解气化终温及窑转速对热解气化产物分布、窑温、热解气化气成分及残碳成分的影响，并按照湖州、郑州等地实际医疗废物混合组分进行了混合模拟热解试验，试验结果表明混合物料热解产物分布是各组分独立热解线性叠加的结果。最后运用热天平对热解残渣和焦油的燃烧特性进行了研究，为开发相应的二燃室提供了依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Medical Waste (MW) is the number one hazardous waste listed in National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes, which contains large quantity of bacteria and viruses. Improper disposal of MW will cause serious environmental threat.Funded by National Natural Science Foundation Project "Study on Hazardous Waste Incineration Mechanism in Rotary Kiln No 50276055", study on pyrolysis & incineration of MW in rotary kiln was carried out. Based on the investigation of basic features of MW, the micro-scale pyrolysis and incineration mechanism of MW (TGA) and fast pyrolysis characteristic were studied. Experiments on batch feeding and continuous feeding of rotary kiln were carried out, and combustion properties of pyrolysis residues and oil were investigated through TG system. Finally, a new MW pyrolysis & incineration rotary kiln system was put forward and experiments on the demonstration centralized MW disposal system were carried out.Part I, Study on basic features of MW. Based on the review of current situation of MW treatment in both domestic and abroad and various disposal technologies, the MW pyrolysis & incineration through rotary kiln is considered an advanced disposal technology suitable for the situation of China. Through detailed discussion of the definition and classification of MW and referring to many documents and field investigation, summarization was made on the generation feature, toxicity and infectivity of MW in China. Actual compositions, moisture content, heat value, density etc. basic physical properties were obtained through investigations, which provides foundation for the design of MW centralized disposal system.Part II, Micro-scale pyrolysis mechanism studies: Pyrolysis and incineration kinetics of eight typical components of MW were thoroughly studied through thermal gravity (TG) system. The effects of factors such as heating rate, atmosphere etc. on TG property of every component were analyzed. Based on the kinetic characteristics study, an apparent-multistep-one-order MW pyrolysis & incineration model was set up. TGA results demonstrated that the pyrolysis of MW was actually a linear superposition of every components, based on which the MW mixture apparent-multistep-one-order model was proposed and the pyrolysis reaction kinetic simulation of the MW mixture was successfully carried out. Investigation on fast pyrolysis feature of the typical MW components and the effects of final pyrolysis temperature (FGT), quality, size and moisture content on the TG properties of every components were carried out as well as the fast pyrolysis feature of MW mixture.Part III, Experimental investigation on rotary kiln: Investigation on the pyrolysis and gasification of MW in a 1 kg external heating rotary kiln were carried out and the effects of heating mode, material size, moisture content, final pyrolysis/gasification temperature (FPT/FGT) etc. on the distribution and properties of the product were更多还原