【作者】 耿玉清；

【导师】 孙向阳； 余新晓；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 生态， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 针对北京山地森林结构不合理、稳定性差、服务功能不高的状况,引进森林健康理念、实施森林生态系统管理是实现林业建设生态良性循环的尝试。土壤是林木生长的基质,对维持森林的健康具有重要的作用。以北京八达岭山地森林为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析、土壤特征单项因子比较与综合评价指数相结合的方法,对不同林分类型土壤的理化特征及健康指数进行了系统研究。这一工作可为该地区森林土壤健康管理及人工中幼林的健康经营提供理论与实践依据,也有利于中国北方山地森林健康监测评价指标体系的建立。本项研究获得的主要结果有:(1)79个小班森林土壤的枯枝落叶层平均厚度为2.57cm,44%小班集中在1-2cm的范围内;土壤腐殖质层平均厚度为4.44cm,94%小班属薄层水平;土层厚度平均为30.91cm,其中46%的小班属薄层,54%属中层厚度;80%的小班具有A/B/C正常发育的剖面。土壤颜色的黑化作用与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系。(2)不同林分类型土壤的物理性质存在一定的差异,表现为天然黑桦林、糠椴林、杂灌丛的土壤物理性质好于华北落叶松林,油松元宝枫和油松糠椴混交林优于油松纯林。阔叶树种有利于土壤物理性质的改善。(3)研究地区内土壤呈微酸性至中性,土壤阳离子以Ca2+为主,占阳离子交换量的76.37%-86.81%;K+和Na+含量之和为1.41%-3.87%;交换性H+含量低于0.5cmol?kg-1,盐基接近饱和状态。油松纯林pH显著低于油松混交林。土壤的阳离子交换量、有机质、全氮、水解性氮和速效钾含量在不同林分的表现为:华北落叶松林低于黑桦林、糠椴林以及杂灌丛,却高于小叶鼠李灌丛;油松纯林显著低于油松糠椴以及油松元宝枫混交林,与荆条灌丛却无显著差异。(4)土壤全P含量普遍低于1.00 g?kg-1,有可能出现缺磷现象。土壤磷形态的分组研究表明,中活性有机磷约占有机磷总量的50%,活性有机磷为29.32%-32.15%;无机磷形态以磷酸钙盐为主,占无机磷总量的70%-80%,但磷酸二钙仅占6%-11%。(5)研究区域大多数林分中,草本层的物种丰富度以及Shanon-Wiener指数高于灌木层,对林分物种多样性的贡献大,但也有少量林分具有灌木层高度发育的特征。丰富度指数R和Shanon-Wiener指数之间具有显著的相关性,可用多样性系数来反映植物物种多样性的变化规律。在系统调查和分析土壤形态、物理、化学、酶活性特征以及物种多样性的基础上,运用土壤学知识和专家经验,选择枯落物层厚度、灌木层及草本层的Margalef丰富度指更多还原

【Abstract】 To counter some problems of forest ecosystem in Beijing mountain areas, such as irrational structure, low stability and service function, learning from the new ideology of forest health and putting management of forest ecosystem in effect are trials for achieving the goal of sound ecological circulation in forest development. Soil is a fountain of tree growth, and plays an important role in the sustainable forest health management. Soil physico-chemical properties and health indices under different forest classification were studied through combining methods of investigations and experiments, comparing with unique and comprehensive analysis of soil properties in Badaling mountain, Beijing. This paper will provide a theoretical and technical basis for the management of forest soil health and plantations. It is in favor of establishing the assessment indicators of mountain forest health in North China as well.The main results were as follows:①Among 79 plots, the percentage of A/B/C configuration was 80%. The average depth of forest floor was 2.57cm, and the percentage of 1-2cm was 44%. The mean depth of humus layer was 4.44cm, 94% of which belonging to thin level. The mean depth of soil layer (A+B) was 30.91cm, with 46% belonging to thin, and 54% belonging to thick class. Relationship between organic matter and melanization was firstly studied in forest soil. The result was that with the decreasing of the value, the content of organic matter was increasing.②Effect of forest on soil physical properties was obviously. The physical indicators under pure needle–leaved forest, for example Larix principis-rupprechtii and Pinus tabulaeformis, were not better than those under secondary forest and mixed plantations. Broad-leaved forest was in favor of soil physical properties.③In soil cation exchangeable capacity(CEC), Ca2+ was up to about from 76.37% to 86.81%, the sum of K+ and Na+ was from 1.41% to 3.87%, and the content of exchangeable H+ was更多还原