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黄土地区流域森林植被格局对侵蚀产沙过程的调控研究
Forest Pattern on Regulation of Erosion and Sediment Processes of Watershed in Loess Area
【作者】 秦富仓;
【导师】 余新晓;
【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 , 水土保持与荒漠化防治, 2006, 博士
【摘要】 土壤侵蚀是造成环境退化的一个主要因素。长期以来,由于人类不合理地利用自然资源,导致植被生存的环境受到极大的破坏,引发了严重的土壤侵蚀。土壤侵蚀的不断加剧,破坏了土地的生产力,使土壤肥力降低,土壤蓄水能力减弱,植被生存的环境进一步恶化,如此以往使生态环境陷入恶性循环状态。黄土高原地区严重的水土流失与该区植被覆盖率低有密切的关系。 森林作为陆地上最重要的生态系统,以其林冠层、林下茂密的灌草层和林地上富集的枯枝落叶层以及发育疏松而深厚的土壤层截持和蓄储大气降水,发挥着其特有的水文生态功能,在生物地球化学循环过程中,通过与土壤、大气和水在多界面、多层次和多尺度上的物质和能量交换,改变及影响水资源分布,起到保护与涵养水源、净化水质、保持水土和抵御各种自然灾害的作用。目前我国森林植被水土保持功能评价研究多以单一指标——森林植被覆盖度为主。在流域森林植被建设中,近年来虽然在强调森林覆被率的同时,也开始注重森林植被在流域中的合理布局。但对于森林植被与侵蚀产沙关系的研究多集中于林地坡面与无林坡面的对比或有林流域与无林流域的对比,从流域森林植被格局与侵蚀产沙的关系上进行研究还较少。从物理机制上揭示流域森林植被景观格局对土壤侵蚀的作用,丰富和填补这一领域的研究空白具有十分重要的科学意义和现实意义。 本文针对黄土地区以农田为景观基质的流域生态环境特点,以甘肃省天水市的吕二沟、罗玉沟、桥子东沟、桥子西沟流域为对象,研究流域森林植被格局与侵蚀产沙的关系,进而探讨流域森林植被格局对侵蚀产沙过程的影响机理,为黄土地区流域森林植被建设提供理论基础。本论文主要开展了以下几方面的研究: (1)以黄委会天水水土保持试验站的吕二沟、罗玉沟、桥子东沟、桥子西沟四个试验流域为研究对象,在收集其多年定位观测的降水、径流、泥沙资料的基础上,结合对流域的实地调查、观测和试验,基于3S技术建立流域空间数据库和属性数据库,为研究流域森林植被格局与侵蚀产沙关系奠定基础。 (2)在流域基本数据库建设的基础上,基于GIS软件Arcview3.2,利用景观分析软件FRAGSTATS,选择适于研究流域和研究目标的景观格局指标,分析流域不同时期森林植被格局变化规律,进行不同时期流域土地利用/森林植被格局变化动态分析,重点分析流域森林植被格局的动态变化规律。 (3)利用研究流域多年降水资料,分析流域降水的时空变化规律。分析黄土地区流域内雨量站点间降水量的空间相关性和变异性,采用不同降水空间插值方法,研究受小流域地形影响的降水空间分布规律。通过对比分析,确定最小曲率方法和趋势面分析法是适合黄土地区流域降水空间插值的理想方法。 (4)分析森林植被对径流过程的影响机制,利用研究流域降水、径流资料,研
【Abstract】 Soil erosion is a major factor of causing environmental degradation. For a long time, human irrational utilization of natural resources is destroying the vegetation and thus leads to serious erosion. As a result, increasing erosion reduces land productivity, soils’ fertility and water capacity, and etc., which turn to further deteriorate the ecological environment. Soil erosion in the loess area relates to low vegetation cover rate in this region.As the most important ecological system on the earth terrain, forest plays its specific function in hydrological ecology via forest crown, dense shrubs and grasses under trees, litters and soils. Moreover forest has roles in protecting head waters, purifying water quality, conserving soils and water and reducing natural disasters through its interaction with soils, air and water. More often in China, assessment on forests’ conservation ability is based on single indicator, i.e. forest cover rate. Recently, rational distribution of forests has been paid much attention, but researches on relationship between forest pattern and erosion and sediment is not much although there are many progresses in studying relations between forested slope and non-forested slope or forested watershed and non-forested watershed. Therefore, it is significant to have studies on effects of forest pattern on soil erosion.The thesis is based on study on relationship between forest pattern and erosion and sediment processes, carried out in four watersheds of Luergou, Luoyugou, Qiaozidonggou and Qiaozixigou in Tianshui City of Gansu Province. The study covers the following aspects:1. A space and attribute database is established based on 3S technologies. To do this, long term data pertaining to rainfall, runoff, sediment in the above watersheds collected by Tianshui Experimental Stations of Soil & Water Conservation was analysed, plus field investigations, observations and experiments.
【Key words】 watershed; forest pattern; erosion and sediment; soil erosion module;