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先秦《诗》学思想研究
Theory Reach on the Book of Poey
【作者】 朱金发;
【导师】 伏俊琏;
【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 , 中国古代文学, 2006, 博士
【摘要】 《诗经》的产生,和三代礼乐文化是分不开的。在上古时代,就有高度发达的礼乐文明,相传自黄帝开始就有乐舞,这是诗歌、舞蹈、音乐结合在一起的综合艺术,这些艺术形式和上古的宗教活动有关,对后代的诗歌创作有着很大的影响。《诗经》中诗歌的创作和上古的原始歌谣也有关系,这些自古口耳相传的歌谣,无论其音乐风格还是思想内容,对《诗经》的创作都产生了十分深远的影响。周代的礼乐文化发展达到高峰,一切社会活动都被纳入到礼乐制度之中,这种制度最突出的特点之一就是各种典礼上的诗歌、音乐、舞蹈相结合的表演,《诗经》中的很多诗歌就是在这种场合配上音乐演唱的。周代的礼乐文化,是周人在灭商后,总结前人的思想成果基础上创立的一套新文化体系。它不仅起着稳定周代社会等级秩序的作用,还有自己文化精神的内核,这种文化精神的主要内容就是道德自律和强烈的进取精神。这种文化精神,在《诗经》中有明显的表现,这是后代认识和研究《诗经》的思想基础。春秋时期,对《诗经》应用和学习日益广泛,人们对《诗经》的认识也上升到理论的高度,对《诗经》的学术研究已经开始。西周以来,学在官府,对《诗》、《书》等文献典籍的解释权集中在周天子手中,春秋时天子失官,学在四夷,学术下达是一时趋势。在这种形势下,孔子开门授徒,推动了对《诗经》的学术研究。这一时期,随着用《诗》的实践,对《诗经》的解说也逐渐趋于理论化,后世解释《诗经》的方法这时基本都已出现。在具体诗篇的解释中,出现了曲意美化的倾向,将一些理想化的内容附会在《诗经》上面,以此宣扬周代贤圣帝王的文德武功,这种方法是对《诗经》所体现的文化精神的追求,体现了一种价值取向。这种价值取向定下了后代《诗经》研究的理论基点,后代的《诗经》研究就是沿着这个方向发展的,表现出明显的历史化、政教化的倾向。孔子是最早提出较为系统《诗》论的人,他的“思无邪”说,“兴观群怨”说,“达政”、“专对”说,都是后世《诗》学理论的基石。孔子重视礼,提倡仁,主张推行周代的礼制,而《诗经》用于周代的各种礼仪场合,在孔子的时代,它几乎可以代表礼制的思想观念,因此孔子主张无论从政还是做人都要从学习《诗经》开始。这种重视《诗》、《书》学习、重视个人修养,和重视礼乐教化的思想相结合,就是孔子《诗》教观念的内容,这也是后世《诗经》学的理论框架。上博简《孔子诗论》是孔门后学七十子之徒传习《诗经》的教材,是现在发现的先秦第一部论《诗经》专著,其内容丰富了孔子提出的《诗》学思想。其中对《诗经》的论说和《论语》中的《诗》论比较起来,其中关于诗歌思想和人之性情关系的讨论,是理论上的一大进步,也是战国初年人性论在《诗》学观念中的反映,战国《诗》学思想,就是在这一理论基础上发展而来的。上博简其他篇章中、郭店楚简中的《诗》论,和《礼记》等著作中孔门后学对《诗经》的论说,是战国早期儒家的《诗》学思想,这些是从孔子到孟、荀《诗》学思想的过渡环节。这些资料补足了先秦《诗》学的缺环,共同构成了先秦《诗》学思想的发展里程。孟子、荀子的《诗》学理论就是在上述理论基础之上发展而来的,孟子从性善论出发,认为只要能够保持人内在善的本心,摈弃利欲的诱惑,就能成为具有完美人格的圣人,实现这种人格的重要手段是儒家《诗》、《书》等文献的学习。荀子对人性的认识和孟子相反,认为人性是恶的,是与礼义相违背的。这种人性必须加以礼义的约束,才能够保证社会的正常运行。荀子虽然认为人性本恶,但他认为通过学习也能成为人格完美的圣人,荀子提出的实现完美人格的途径和孟子是一样的,都是通过儒家经典的学习。因此在孟、荀的理论中《诗经》就有着非同寻常的功能。他们二人的《诗》学理论都是以这种观念为理论基点的。这些观点是和战国时代的人性论理论相关的《诗经》学的观念,将对《诗经》的研究和儒家的伦理道德联系在了一起。孟、荀提出的《诗》学观念各有偏重,孟子论《诗》从其仁政思想出发,多以历史上贤公圣王的品德功业附会诗义,借《诗经》论证自己的社会理想,将诗歌的内容和理想化了的历史联系起来,具有历史化的倾向。荀子的作法和孟子不同,他的时代,周人提倡的礼乐文化精神已经不再是社会思潮的主导,荀子的政治理想是礼和法的结合,两者之中更重礼法,他希望借助儒家的伦理思想,以礼义法度为中心,重新构建一套政治理论体系。因此他只将《诗经》作为可资教化的工具,而不将它作为礼乐教化的本身看待。只希望人们通过《诗经》等经典的学习提高道德水平,能更自觉地去遵守礼法。从这一基本观念出发,荀子主张《诗经》中的诗歌都是符合礼义的,即使那些描写男女情爱的诗歌,也是合于伦理道德的,符合礼仪的“中声之所止”,是符合圣人之道的。这样荀子就将《诗经》的研究纳入了为维护社会秩序服务的伦理教化之中,这是《诗经》研究的政教化的倾向。孟子和荀子的《诗》学理论和他们二人的说《诗》实践,为后代的《诗经》学提供了理论依据和榜样。在汉代统一的封建帝国形成之后,随着社会形势的发展,学术研究和封建政治结合在一起,《诗经》的研究中,汉儒将荀子和孟子的说《诗》理论和方法结合在一起,构成了《诗经》研究的历史化、政教化的理论体系。《诗经》就和其他儒家经典一道,被推上了经学的神坛,笼罩上了神圣的光环,成为了封建伦理道德的教科书。
【Abstract】 In ancient China, The Book of Songs (《诗经》) had very compact relationship with the music and dance. There was highly advanced music and dance culture which was regarded as a part of religion activities in ancient time. The Book of poesy was used in these amenities as songs. Which this was very important to producing of the poets.Originality ballads were headwaters of the Book of Poesy. No matter its style or ideas had deep effect on this book. Synthetic arts included poet, music and dancing, were carriers of culture sprits of ZHOU(周),which had been created on the base of preceding sprits and opinions of YIN(殷)It began on study of The Book of Poesy during the Spring and Autumn period. And it was greatly hastened while Confucius began to teach students with the classical Confucian works. To the Book of Songs , the most important thing was being used in many ceremonies and rites in this history age. As while many idealized things were added to this Book, so as to blazoned forth civil characters apd martial results to previous Kings of CHOU (周) . And this tropism was rout sign to the study on this Book. For example, Ji Zi, a King’ s son of WU GUO(吴国) had seen the Poesies performance in LU GUO(鲁国),and he commented on the Book for its music style and preferred his opinion. His view was representative idea of this Book, and was maid thoughts of this Book about its historic and political domestication.Latter on Confucius put forward his systematic theory on poets, on the foundation of benevolence and courtesy opinion. Confucius thought that there were no evil opinions in the songs of the Book of Poesy. And the songs in this Book could be used in occasions of political and rite ceremony. These were theory foundation to latter thoughts.The BAMBOO LIPS OFR WRITING (竹简) that were brought back by Shai Hai Museum, in which there were Confucius’ isms of the Book of Poesy, enrich his theory in this fields. This was a big step for the theory on the background of humanity theory in Zhanguo(战国) peorid.In Zhanguo(战国) peorid, the main scholars on the research of the Book of Songs were Mencius and XunKuang(荀子). Their theories was put forward on the humanity theory of Zhanguo(战国) peorid. But Mencius thought that humanity is kindness, so he thought if only can preserve this kind humanity everyone could be a saint. And study of classical works was the only way to actualize the aim. XunKuang(荀子) put forward his theory on the base of evil humanity theory.He thought that the humanity is evil, so we must study the laws and justices,to restrict people’ s humanism so that we can maintain common order of society. To attain this aim, his method was the same to Mencius, that was to study of classical works. So either Mencius or XunKuang(荀子) thought that study of the Book of Songs is an important step to be a man keeping the peace.
【Key words】 the Book of Poesy; sprits of culture; historical domestication; political domestication;
- 【网络出版投稿人】 西北师范大学 【网络出版年期】2007年 05期
- 【分类号】I207.22
- 【被引频次】16
- 【下载频次】1679