襄汾陶寺等遗址的植硅石分析

【作者】 姚政权；

【导师】 王昌燧； 赵志军；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 我国的农业考古虽然起步比较晚，但进展迅速，特别是在史前农耕遗存的发现和研究上有突破性的成就，将稻作农业的历史推进到1万年以前。但是，与南方的稻作农业相比，在中国古代文明化进程中扮演着重要角色的北方地区旱作农业的研究却开展得很不充分，基本成停滞状态。关于粟作农业的起源等问题，虽有一些散见的文论，但十分缺乏系统、深入的论述。本论文在对已发表的有关北方农业起源与发展状况的考古资料进行梳理的基础上，尝试通过植硅石分析方法来探讨北方旱作农业起源与发展情况。 植硅石是沉淀于某些高等植物体内(细胞壁、细胞腔内部或细胞之间的间隙)的含水非晶态二氧化硅。植硅石在形成过程中可以“复制”细胞体的三维形态，其形态特征主要依赖于植物组织及细胞的形态类型。因此，根据植硅石的形态特征，便可鉴定其母源植物的种类，并进而分析和诠释各种沉积环境下的植硅石纪录。植硅石分析就是根据植硅石的原地沉积特性及其形态上的种间特异性，对比分析土壤中所含植硅石的大小、形状、种类及丰度，并依此推断其母源植物的种类和(或)产量，复原古代植被环境、气候以及探索人类活动对环境的影响的一种古生物学方法。 论文首先通过对现代谷子植硅石形态的分析，发现谷子颖片表皮有一种带特殊表面纹理的大片表皮细胞群的植硅石，这种薄而透明，纹理规整的植硅石形态非常特别，应该是具有鉴别意义的植硅石形态。结合文献，作者认为能够据此从考古土壤样品中鉴别出粟类作物的存在。 在此基础上，作者选取了我国文明形成时期比较重要的两个遗址(山西襄汾陶寺遗址和河南新密新砦遗址)进行了植硅石分析。在这两个遗址中都发现了粟作农业的存在。 陶寺遗址，是我国目前已知黄河中游地区唯一的史前城墙、宫殿、大贵族墓葬、观象授时及祭祀遗存俱全的都邑聚落，与古史传说记载的尧舜关系密切。陶寺遗址植硅石初步分析结果显示陶寺文化时期温暖偏湿的大环境背景与孢粉分析大致吻合。而中梁一带大量芦苇扇形植硅石则印证了陶寺遗址南高旱、北低湿的微环境差别，进而指示出陶寺遗址水稻田潜在的位置，对孢粉分析结果又是一更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, research on agricultural archaeology began late, but develops swiftly and achieves a lot, especially in rice domestication. Archaeologists had made a great breakthrough to date back to 10, 000 years when rice was first domesticated. In contrast, foxtail millet, one of the most important cereal crops both in northern China and the world, was regretfully neglected, and few articles were published, although it played an important role in ancient Chinese civilization. In this article, we identified the diagnostic phytolith form of foxtail millet and applied it archaeologically to discuss the origin and development of agriculture in ancient northern China.Phytoliths, or opal phytoliths, plant opal, are minute biogenic structures of silica that’s deposited, depending on the species of plant, between the cells, within the cell walls, or even sometimes completely infilling the cells themselves. Since phytoliths can create three-dimensional replica of the plant cell bodies, they may be identified to certain genus or species in respect to their plant tissue background and their shape (plane or three-dimensional), size, ornaments, cell orientation and other anatomical features. They serve as efficient clues to paleo-environmental reconstruction, paleoclimate, and human activities through analysis and interpretation of phytolith assemblages from various sediments. Phytoliths can also help differentiate between wild and domestic plant species.The ideal phytolith diagnostic type is one whose morphological characteristics are absolutely unique for its producer. The method of foxtail millet phytolith identification applied in this study was developed mainly on phytolith morphology analysis of morden foxtail millet specimens and Zhijun Zhao’ s work(2005). As a result, a specific phytolith diagnostic type produced by foxtail millet inflorescences was更多还原