中国古代早期管乐器及黄钟律管研究

【作者】 夏季；

【导师】 徐飞； 王昌燧；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 声学是古代中国最为发育的学科之一，也是中国科学史中内容最丰富的学科之一。有国外学者甚至形象地说“中国是声学的国家”。本文的主要研究方向是我国音乐考古学中的管律学。由于管律学同其它方方面面的社会因素有着直接或间接的联系，所以不能把它仅看作声学的分支，而管律学的这种社会性也是中国古代声学领先世界的一个很重要的原因。中国声学的最大特色和成就在于中国特有的乐律学，而乐律学之根本在于黄钟律管的确定。中国早在五千年前就出现了国家标准律管——黄钟律管，后世历朝历代的统治者也都相当重视黄钟音高的制定，把制律当成国家的基本制度，与度量衡同等看待。所以文章主要从两个方面探讨中国古代管律学。第一部分探讨我国迄今发现最早的管乐器，分析我国早期管乐器的吹法，并通过贾湖骨笛音阶的发展推论出音乐起源中音阶产生发展的规律和动力。第二部分主要通过文献调研和考古测音分析得出我国历代黄钟标准音高，并探讨我国古代黄钟音高变化的原因和趋势。 第一章主要研究早期管乐器的起源和流传，对世界各地早期骨笛进行了搜集和整理，借鉴科技考古中的产地研究方法，结合文献记载，通过对骨管乐器形制、名称的考证，综合骨管乐器间的时空分布，探讨了骨管乐器的起源及可能的传播途径并从而揭示古人迁徙和文化交流。 第二章在采用斜吹技术的基础上，对2001年最新出土的一只7孔贾湖骨笛进行了测音研究，发现其正确的演奏方法应当是斜吹法，其发音音域不少于两个八度，7孔骨笛一般可以演奏七声音阶，以十二平均律为标准，其音准误差均在常人听觉难以觉察的范围之内，考虑到实际吹奏时的技术性校正，贾湖骨笛实际演奏乐曲的音准度堪称史前奇迹。这项研究的重要成果是对比研究了贾湖骨笛的吹法，确定贾湖骨笛应该是采用斜吹法，这种吹法很可能是最古老的管乐器演奏方法。 河南省八千年前新石器时期贾湖遗址中发现的可演奏骨笛开启了我们对目前已知最早的音乐声阶的研究。为了进一步探索八千年前音乐的演变，我们在第三章中对两根贾湖早期的骨笛(公元前7000—6600年)进行测音，并采用现代音乐软件来分析其音调构成。同时公布了新近发掘的一根中期骨笛M511：4(公元更多还原

【Abstract】 Acoustics is one of the most developed disciplines in ancient China, and one of the most brilliant disciplines in Chinese scientific history. Some foreign scholars even remark that China is a nation of acoustics. This study mainly concerns the pipe temperament in Chinese musicology. Because of its interrelation with many other social elements, pipe temperament can not be simply considered a branch of acoustics; the social aspect of temperament is a significant reason for the prominent position held by ancient Chinese acoustics. The greatest distinction and achievement of Chinese acoustics lies in the temperament which is based on the Huangzhong pipe. The national standard temperament pipe—Huangzhong pipe—dates back to 5000 years ago, the rulers of the following dynasties regarded the establishment of Huangzhong pitch as part of fundamental national system, and as important as metrology. Therefore, the paper discusses two dimensions of ancient Chinese pipe temperament. The first part addresses the earliest pipe instrument in China and the playing technique of pipe instrument, and infers the beginning and the patterns of development of musical scale and discusses the impetus of the development of early music. The second part analyzes the Huangzhong standard pitch through literature survey and archaeological scale testing, and it also discusses the reason and tendency of the changes of Huangzhong pitch.Chapter One mainly deals with the beginning and spreading of early pipe instrument. The early bone flutes throughout the world are enumerated. Through the application of provenance research method, literature survey, study of their making and naming, and their space distribution, the origin and possible transmission of bone pipe instruments are discussed in order to gain insight of the migration and cultural exchange of ancient people.Chapter Two reports the scale testing of a seven-hole Jiahu bone flute excavated in 2001. It is found that the bone flute might be played obliquely, in which way two octaves can be easily achieved. Seven-hole bone flute is capable of playing seven-tone scale. In a modern 12-tone equal-temperament scale, the average error (comma) is imperceptible to an ordinary ear. Considering the technical correction in playing, the accuracy of Jiahu bone flutes’ actual performance is unprecedented. A significant achievement of the research is the comparative study of Jiahu bone flute’s playing method, which leads to the conclusion that the flute should be played obliquely.At the 7th-millenium Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, China, the discovery of playable bone flutes has initiated study of the earliest-known musical scales. Chapter Three is about the scale testing of two Jiahu bone flue in the first sub-period (7000-6600 B.C.), and analyzes their tonal structure using modern music software. New musical data are also reported from a recently-discovered middle-period (6600-6200 B.C.) flute, professionally played. Our results may also relate to the development of sensorimoter processing in the human central nervous system, and they are helpful to uncover the beginning and the patterns of scale evolution, and更多还原