产业集群的生态属性与阶段化特征研究

【作者】 刘天卓；

【导师】 陈晓剑；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 产业集群的现象引起了学术界的极大兴趣和广泛关注，产业集群的研究方兴未艾。当前，在产业集群研究中出现了三个比较明显的趋势和特征：一是引入不同学科的观点和理论加强对产业集群的解释，如生态学、社会学；二是已经关注非经济因素对产业集群形成和发展的影响；三是开始重视对集群生命周期的研究。中国目前处于产业集群理论与实践应用的发展期，一些产业集群在焕发生命力的同时，另外一些产业集群却在走向衰退。因此，加强对产业集群内涵与特征的把握，判定集群生命周期的阶段特征，改造处于衰退阶段的产业集群，保持产业集群的可持续发展，是摆在我们面前的主要问题。 本文在产业集群概念、理论和形成机制讨论的基础上，从生态学的视角提出产业集群具有和生物种群类似的结构、行为和特征，并从制度化、社会网络和路径依赖三个方面考察了产业集群生命周期的阶段化特征，其研究的基本内容和思路是： 首先，对产业集群的相关概念和理论进行了综述。归纳了产业集群的定义、分类、特征，区分了几个容易混淆的概念，总结了国内外产业集聚理论、生态学理论、社会网络理论的最新进展，并回顾了主要的集群政策制定思路。 然后，本章从企业区位选择的角度出发，探讨产业集群的形成机理。产业集群源于同类型企业最初的选址决定，首先建立了一个考虑运输成本因素的两区位古诺竞争模型，以此来研究运输成本对公司选址和集聚的影响；其后建立了一个三区位双寡头的垄断竞争模型，讨论各种知识溢出效果对公司集聚的影响。 文章接着描述了产业集群的生态学特征。通过生物体系与组织体系的对比与定义，以生态学中的种群成长动态模型作为分析的基础，运用生态模拟的方法，从环境负载容量、种群规模、内在成长机制、生命繁衍策略、种群间的关系五个方面讨论了产业集群的生态特征。并提出产业集群的四种生态策略：生态位分离策略、生命繁衍策略、同形与共同演化策略、合作共生策略。 再后，为了能够更深入的探讨集群生态特性与演化轨迹，本文尝试从制度化、更多还原

【Abstract】 The phenomena of industrial clusters have attracted more attention and interests. The research on industrial clusters is in the ascendant. Current trend of industrial clusters have three aspects: First, people try to explain industrial cluster through other subjects—ecology、 sociology, for example. Second, the influences of non-economic factors upon industrial clusters have been considered. Third, researchers think much of lifecycle of industrial clusters. The development of Chinese industrial clusters is in the growing phase. Some clusters are booming, the others are at low ebb. Therefore, the key issue is to comprehend the connotation of industrial clusters and to determine the phase characters for the Sustainable development of industrial clusters.Based on the concept、 theory and form mechanism of industrial clusters, we find that the industrial clusters has the same structure、 behavior and character. The article attempt to analyze phase characters in lifecycle of industrial clusters from the aspect of institutionalization、 social network、 path dependence. The essence and method of the study are elaborated as following:First, we summarize the concepts and correlative theories of industrial clusters and distinguish some definition. In the next place, the article sum up the new development of theory about agglomeration、 ecology and social network. Cluster policy is also mentioned in this part.Second, from the point of locational choice of firms, the article discusses the form mechanism of industrial clusters. First we consider a two-location model of locational choice of firms in view of transport costs. Considering transport costs of product, two downstream firms will simultaneously locate in the large region. Considering transport costs of intermediate good, the upstream firm chooses to locate the same region with two downstream firms. Then we consider a three-location duopoly model and discuss the effect of knowledge spillover on location choice and spatial agglomeration.Theories and methods of ecology provide a new research framework for industrial clusters. From the point of view of ecology, industrial clusters are an organic whole and have similar behavior characters with biology population. Based on LV model, the article discusses ecology characters of industrial clusters about carrying capacity, population scale, intrinsic growth mechanism, life history strategies and population relations. Also, we bring forward four bionomic strategies.For a further discussion of life character and evolvement track of industrial clusters, the article attempt to analyze phase characters in lifecycle of industrial clusters from the aspect of institutionalization、 social network、 path dependence. It is an emphasis to discuss the life evidence in the declining phase of industrial clusters.The last part is research on the example of the Gaogou industrial clusters. From current situations, features and developmental restricted factors, it further proofs the更多还原