【作者】 胡云楚；

【导师】 刘元；

【作者基本信息】 中南林业科技大学 ， 木材科学与技术， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 木质材料是四大建筑材料(钢筋、混凝土、塑料、木质材料)之一，广泛用于建筑、家具等工作和生活环境中。但是木材易燃，许多火灾的发生和蔓延都与木材有关。深入开展木材阻燃机理研究和开发木材阻燃技术是保障人民生命财产安全的需要。成炭作用对木材的燃烧热、火势蔓延、氧指数等燃烧性能都具有决定性的影响，而且也是保持木材结构和强度的前提和基础；火灾中的烟雾和毒气不仅妨碍消防施救，而且是导致人员伤亡的首要原因。因此，成炭作用和抑烟作用是木材阻燃机理研究的关键问题。针对硼酸锌和聚磷酸铵在木材阻燃中的成炭作用和抑烟作用进行系统研究，对于丰富木材阻燃理论具有重要意义。 首先，利用氧化锌和硼酸通过固相研磨反应制备了硼酸锌超微粒子。x-射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析表明，硼酸锌的粒径小于30nm，接近于无定形结构。硼酸与氧化锌之间的固相反应对于硼酸和氧化锌粒径的变小具有促进作用。通过固相研磨所获得的硼酸锌微粒的表面没有吸附溶剂和表面活性剂，具有较高的表面活性和表面效应；固相反应合成的超细硼酸锌阻燃剂是多种组成、多种晶相的复合体；不同组成和晶形的硼酸锌，受热时将在不同温度下失水和发挥阻燃作用，因此，在阻燃过程中具有复合阻燃效应；利用氧化锌和硼酸固相合成超细硼酸锌阻燃剂，不存在除杂等麻烦工序，没有溶剂蒸发带来的团聚问题，是一种极其简便的制备盐类纳米粒子的有效方法之一。 其次，对于磷酸和尿素缩聚反应制备聚磷酸铵的工艺条件进行了优化。聚磷酸铵的最佳合成条件是：磷酸：尿素摩尔比为1：1.8，预聚合温度124±2℃(反应25min)，固化温度230℃～240℃，聚合固化时间为140min左右。聚磷酸铵的聚合度为23.3(文献值为20～30)，溶解度为0.67g/100mL水。 采用灼烧成炭实验、热重分析、锥形量热法、点着温度、氧指数等方法测定和评价了硼酸锌、聚磷酸铵、四溴双酚A、氧化锌、硼酸及其复合阻燃剂对杨木的阻燃作用和抑烟作用。结合电镜观察、高温x-射线衍射分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱、Py-GC-MS分析结果，分析和讨论了硼酸锌和聚磷酸铵的阻燃机理。 研究发现，硼酸锌不仅阻碍木材燃烧放热、减少木材质量损失，而且具有非常强的抑制烟雾和毒气的作用。聚磷酸铵催化木材成炭阻燃的作用非常强，能减少木材燃烧放热速度，使木材的极限氧指数大幅度增加，但同时也催化产生大量烟雾和毒气。硼酸锌与聚磷酸铵形成的复合阻燃剂，既能阻燃，也能抑烟。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wood is one of the four kind construct materials( steel, concrete, plastics, wooden materials), which is widely used in many ways, such as building materials, upholstery materials, furniture and so on. It is well known that wood is easy to burn and involved many fire disaster directly or indirectly. It is essential to study flame retardant mechanism and flame retardant technique of flame retarded wood that protect the lives and property safety of people. Char forming function not only affect the combustible properties such as combustion heat, fire spread speed and limited oxygen index but also can be regarded as basis of maintaining the construction and strength of wood. Smoke and toxic gas not only hinder the rescue action of fireman but also can be considered the primary factor to cause causality. So the function of char forming and smoke suppression have become the key problem of wood flame retarding mechanism. It is significant for supplementing flame retarded wood theory to study the function of char forming and smoke suppression of zinc borate applied in wood flame retarding field systematically.Superfine zinc borate is obtained by solid phase grinding reaction from zinc oxide and boric acid. Synthetic product was characterized by XRD, SEM and XPS, the results show superfine zinc borate is amorphous structure and the average diameter of particles are lower than 30 nm. Solid phase reaction between zinc oxide and boric acid can diminish the size of particles. Zinc borate obtained by solid phase reaction possesses higher superficial activity and superficial effect owing to not absorb solvent and surfactant. Moreover synergist effect of flame retarding process is happened because the synthetic zinc borate is a blends of different compositions and crystalline structure corresponding to different temperature of dehydration. Synthetic technology of superfine zinc borate by solid phase reaction is one of effective and simple methods which prepare nanoparticles of salt owing to free of purification and solvent evaporation process which will lead to agglomeration of particles.Ammonium polyphosphate was prepared from phosphoric acid and urea, and the optimal synthetic technology condition was obtained, that is the molar mass of phosphoric acid to urea is 1:1.8, the temperature of prepolymerization is 124±2℃(time 25min), the temperature of polymerization is 230-240 ℃, the time of polymerization is更多还原