油气减阻剂若干关键问题的理论研究与应用开发技术

【作者】 李国平；

【导师】 刘成卜；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 物理化学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 随着世界经济的发展，能源需求与日俱增，而油气储运是构成能源利用技术的重要组成部分。在诸多的运输方式中，管道运输具有建设速度快、投资省、占地少、能耗低、不污染环境、受地理及气象条件限制少等优点，而得到快速发展。目前，世界各地生产的绝大多数石油和天然气是用管道运输的。 但是，管道运输也存在着严重的缺点，即弹性输量远较其他运输方式低。由于在石油勘探过程中，精确预测石油的储量是一件十分困难的事，而且油田的发展前景总还存在一些不确定因素。即使将来有能力准确测定油田的储量，油田也还有开发期、盛产期和递减期，并且各地对石油产品的需求也因经济的发展和自身的更新换代而有所变化，这些都要求管道输量具有一定的弹性。另外，诸如管线老化造成耐压性能降低、并联管线之一发生事故需要检修而输量还需保证时，都需要管线对输量有一定的调节能力。 解决上述问题的最好方法是使用减阻剂。所谓减阻剂，是指能减少液体流动摩阻、增加输量的化学添加剂。根据其使用对象不同，可分为水相减阻剂、油相减阻剂和气相减阻剂。用于原油及其相关产品中的减阻剂称为油相减阻剂。油相减阻剂主要具有如下几方面的功能。 (1) 降低管道操作压力，提高管线运行的安全系数，这在一定意义上涉及国家经济安全。 (2) 新建管道如果在设计过程中考虑使用减阻剂，将能缩小管道口径，减小泵的规模，从而大大节省建设投资。 (3) 可在原有的管道操作条件下，增加油品输量，即提高管道操作效率，增加经济效益。 (4) 可实现油品的水力越站输送，关闭中间泵站，节省管道操作成本。 (5) 在发展海上、沙漠、沼泽、高寒地带等自然条件恶劣地区的油田时，可把添加减阻剂输送工艺作为常规使用，这样可加大泵站间距，减少泵站，从而节约人力及物力投入，增加经济效益。 (6) 可在维持原输量的情况下实现减少运行泵的数量，既满足泵维护的要求，又可保证连续生产。更多还原

【Abstract】 The energy demand is more and more with the developing world economy, while the storage and transportation of hydrocarbon are the important technology for energy utilization. In many transportation modes, pipeline transportation developed fast because of rapid building speed, small floor area, low energy loss and few limitations by geography and weather conditions. At present, the most oil and natural gas produced in the world were transported by pipelines.But, the pipeline transportation also has serious defect that its elastic transportation volume is lower than other transportation systems. It is hard to forecast exactly oil reserves during oil exploration, and the foreground of oil field also has some unsure factors. The reserves of oil field will even be accurately measured in future, while, the oil field also has developing stage, producing stage and decreasing stage, and the demand of oil products in every area will be various because of the economical development and the updating oil products. So, the elastic pipeline throughput is demanded. Otherwise, the throughput is needed to have certain adjusting ability, when the pressure tightness decreases caused by the aging of pipeline, and when one of parallel pipelines is needed to be examined and repaired because of accidents with assurance of the flow rate.The best way to settle the said problems is using DRAs (drag reducing agents). The said DRAs are the chemical additives to reduce liquid flow friction and to increase flow rate. They are divided to be water base DRAs, oil base DRAs and gas base DRAs according to different using objects. DRAs used in crude oil and other correlative products are named oil base DRAs which mainly have the following several aspects of function.(1) The operating pressure of pipeline is reduced and the running safety coefficient is improved, which relate to the national economy safety to some extant.(2)If DRAs are planed to be used in new pipeline, the pipe diameter and the bump size will be reduced, the construction investment will be saved accordingly.更多还原