回归与拯救

【作者】 袁宗金；

【导师】 许卓娅；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 学前教育学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 提问，对于儿童来说，具有特殊的涵义。儿童提出的问题，其实是最本初的，也是最重大的，是终其一生未必解决得了的问题。儿童的“提问”在某种程度上就是人类哲学的胚胎。进入儿童的问题世界，可以发现儿童对本原的追问，对认识的追问，对美德的追问。儿童的“提问”是生命个体内部矛盾的真实反映，表达了认识发生发展过程。如果将儿童某个维度的“提问”用时间的链条串起来审视，我们会看到个体“提问”生动的演进过程。提问是儿童认识世界、把握世界的一种方式，是儿童存在的一种方式。在吸收国内外有关研究的基础上，立足于我国的实际情况，研究者修订了三份问卷：家庭教养方式问卷，儿童思考风格问卷，儿童自我满意度问卷。然后对三所幼儿园的90位大班幼儿和家长进行评定，研究结果表明，家庭教养方式、儿童的思考风格、儿童的自我满意度与儿童的提问有着显著的关系。 提问是儿童“正常生长”的语言，可是，当知识的功利性成为一种最为普遍、最具实际的效用时，原本是“正常生长”的提问则成为“非常规”的。提问是儿童的“母语”，随着教育领域的扩张，提问走上了难以回归的道路。提问开始遭到贬谛，成为利用的工具，想象消逝了，好奇消亡了。提问失去了润泽，逐渐枯萎，沦为干瘪的僵尸。随着好奇的贬谛，提问也被从儿童的生活世界中“放逐”，诗性的消退，令教育成为“驯育”的工具。 如何进行教学的现代性转换，如何实施问题教学，这些问题的解决直接关涉到儿童好奇心的保护以及问题意识的发展。在行动研究的基础上，研究者认为首先要创设良好的问题教学空间，激发孩子探索周围空间中的一切，鼓励他表达自己的疑问，从而把提问作为思考的工具。其次要走向儿童问题的背后，分析儿童的认知和心理需求，运用教学智慧，创造性地回应儿童的问题。通过个案研究，我们发现儿童哲学教学是促进儿童问题意识发展的有效途径。 “知欲”的教育造就了“理性”的儿童，教育只寻求知识的确证而漠视了一切有关儿童“问题世界”的价值的问题，漠视了儿童的文化特征和他的一切精神的存在。教育应是在儿童的“问题世界”中发展起来的一种认识方式，它如果离开了儿童的“问题世界”，就失去了自身存在的条件。为克服这种危机就必须重返儿童的“问题世界”。重返“问题世界”，就是要唤回被遗忘、被遮蔽的儿童问题世界的丰富意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Putting questions is of special significance to children. The questions put by children are exactly the basic and great ones that might not be answered throughout their lives. In a certain degree children’s "putting questions" is the embryo of human being philosophy. Once entering into the question world of children, you may find children’s pursue of the origin, the cognition and the virtue. Children’s "putting questions" is the real reflection of the inner contradiction of individual’s life, which reflect the course of the happen and development of the cognition. If examined closely in an aspect according to the chain of time, children’s questions will show a vivid process of an individual’s evolution of "putting questions". Putting questions is a way in which children understand and grasp the world, a way in which children are. Inspired by relevant researches at home and abroad, according to the reality of our country, the researcher revised three inquiry sheets, which separately are the inquiry of the family’s mode of bring-up, the inquiry of children’s thinking style and the inquiry of the degree of children’s self-satisfaction. Then the researcher evaluated 90 children in their 5-6 of three different kindergartens as well as their parents. The result of the research shows that the family’s mode of bring-up, children’s thinking style and the degree of their self-satisfaction are notably related to children’s putting questions.Putting questions should have been children’s normal developing language. But as the utility of knowledge has become the most popular and realistic purpose, the putting questions which used to normal has become unusual. Putting questions can be regarded as the "mother tone" of children, which has been on the way that can hardly return back, with the spread of education field. Putting questions has been belittled and come to be the only tool, thus imagination vanished and curiosity faded away. Without lubrication, children’s ability of putting questions has withered and been reduced to "mummy". With the fading away of curiosity, putting questions has been sent into exile from children’s living world. Education has become the tool of tame.The resolves of the problems of how to realize the modernity transfer of teaching and learning and how to carry out a kind of education that attaches importance to putting questions, are directly related to the protection of children’s curiosity and the development of their consciousness of putting questions. Enlighten by the action research, the researcher suggests that first of all well teaching space of "question education" be set, children’s exploration of the world around them be inspired, and the expression of their own questions be urged, so that putting questions becomes a tool of thinking. Then we must not look at the surface of children’s putting questions but should analyze children’s cognitive and psychological needs, and take advantages of teaching wisdom to respond to children’s questions creatively. Studying some individual cases, we found that children’s philosophy education is an effective approach to promote their question更多还原