秦始皇陵考古中有关产地问题的核分析技术研究

【作者】 赵维娟；

【导师】 韩国河；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 秦始皇陵是目前所发现的中国历代帝王陵中规模最大、埋藏物最为丰富的一座陵园，已被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录。经过考古工作者40多年的考古勘探与发掘，在陵园内外已经发现各种大小不等的陪葬坑和陪葬墓500多座以及数百万平方米的宫殿建筑遗址。其中陪葬坑中比较重要的有：兵马俑坑、铜车马坑、石铠甲坑、马厩坑、珍禽异兽坑，文官俑坑、水禽坑等。但是在秦始皇陵和兵马俑的研究中仍存在许多疑难问题没有解决，如：秦始皇陵体量巨大的封土来自何处?被誉为“世界奇迹”的兵马俑的取土场地和窑址在什么地方?烧成温度有多高?秦始皇陵出土的陶器和瓦片是否就地取材?秦陵附近地区不能出产青石，那么K9801号坑内出土的石铠甲材料来源问题也成为人们讨论、研究的焦点。 为了解决以上考古学问题，本文利用中子活化分析和质子激发X射线荧光分析技术，测定出秦始皇陵封土及附近粘土、兵马俑、K0006和K0007号坑出土的陶俑、石铠甲、瓦片、日用陶器和北山石料等样品的元素含量，并将测量数据进行散布分析、因子分析和模糊聚类分析，得出原料的来源与分类。 在秦始皇陵封土堆下东、西、北三个方位取样，利用中子活化分析技术研究其原料来源，取得了重要的研究结果。(1) 陵西坡土样与陵北夯土台、陵东封土、陵东夯土、陵西夯土等四处的土样关系较远，说明秦陵封土可能取自不同的地方。(2) 秦陵封土可能来自五岭遗址、山刘村、山任村和赵背户一带。(3) 秦始皇陵地下排水渠所用青膏泥土样与秦陵附近黄土、垆土的元素含量均不同。(4) 鱼池土样与秦陵封土的关系较远，从目前的取样和分类情况看，秦陵封土不是来自鱼池。 运用中子活化分析技术对一、二、三号坑兵马俑样品和K0006、K0007号坑的陶俑进行产地分析，结果表明：(1) 一、二、三号坑兵马俑及K0006、K0007号坑的陶俑样品与五岭遗址、山刘村、山任村、枣园、高邢及K9801号陪葬坑一带的土样成分接近，说明兵马俑是就地取材。(2) 从分类情况看，一、二、三号坑的兵马俑样品及K0006、K0007号坑的陶俑样品都有各自相对的独立性，说明它们的粘土产地不完全相同。这可能与兵马俑工程庞大有关，在不同窑场烧制更多还原

【Abstract】 The mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang is the biggest imperial mausoleum in ancient China. The State Council had decided the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang would be a key cultural relic under state protection. By the more than 40 years’ archaeological excavation, excavators found the ruins of ancient palace cover millions square meters and more than 500 burial pits and graves in and out of the cemetery. Some important burial pits are the pits of Terracotta Warriors and Horses, copper carriage, stone loricae, rare animals and birds, tomb figure of civilian, water bird and so on. But there are many questions remain controversial, such as where is the source of the huge covering soil of the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang? Where are the sources of raw materials and the kiln sites of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses? What are the firing temperatures of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses? Dose the pottery and tile of the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang use local materials? We know that there isn’t bluestone around the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang, so where the sources of raw materials of these stone loricae are has become the people’s discussion and research focus.The element contents of the covering soil of the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang and the clay nearby it, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, tile and pottery, stone loricae and ore of North Mountain were determined by PIXE and NAA techniques, these data were then analyzed by scatter analysis, primary component factor analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis to obtain the source of raw materials and classifications.We select the covering soil samples from the east, west and north of the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang; use the NAA technique to study their source of raw materials. The results show that: (1) Because the relations of the soil of Lingxipo, the covering soil of east of the mausoleum, the compact soil of north of the mausoleum, the compact soil of east and west of the mausoleum are very far, the source of covering soil of the mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang may be different places. (2) The site of Wuling, Sanliu village, Zhaobeihu village and Sanren village更多还原