【作者】 张伟；

【导师】 王宁；

【作者基本信息】 北京语言大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 乌托邦主题在当代西方学界虽然有逐渐升温的趋势，但乌托邦研究中一个突出的特点是乌托邦与反乌托邦同时并存，因此，本文研究乌托邦，与其说是因为乌托邦正在成为热点，不如说是因为乌托邦非常重要，却又面临危机。说它重要，是因为乌托邦涉及人类解放以及实现解放的道路选择；说它面临危机，是因为全球化时代的各种反乌托邦话语正在构成对乌托邦的强大挑战。 乌托邦思想在西方历史上源远流长。乌托邦的命名虽然晚于基督教的创立，但两者的思想起源却都可以追溯到柏拉图时代。这意味着乌托邦并非只是基督教没落后的替代品，乌托邦与基督教既对立又有联系，联系的纽带则是拯救或解放。乌托邦的概念具有褒贬二重性。近现代的西方，乌托邦思想发展史上最伟大的事件莫过于马克思主义的诞生。尽管马克思本人也是乌托邦的最严厉的批判者，但此后的乌托邦发展无不围绕马克思的问题视域。马克思主义与乌托邦具有二重性：一方面，马克思、恩格斯本人批判乌托邦道路选择上的空想性，并为实现乌托邦理想发现了阶级革命的模式；另一方面，他们赞扬乌托邦社会主义者对人类解放前景的天才想像，以及对资本主义制度的根本性否定和批判。伴随马克思主义，乌托邦成为社会主义革命运动的主题。 20世纪中期以来，随着社会主义运动在全世界范围内的挫折，以及资本主义制度模式的自我调整，乌托邦解放的现实意义与前景再次变得模糊起来。反乌托邦、反社会主义、反马克思主义的理论思潮逐渐占据主流，但作为回应，新崛起的西方马克思主义也开始重新思考马克思主义以应对各种新的现实与理论状况。这时的乌托邦研究开始突显出反乌托邦与乌托邦并存的当代学术景象。 在当代乌托邦研究和争论中，明确地站在乌托邦正面立场上的人们几乎都是西方马克思主义者。20世纪50、60年代尤以法兰克福派的马尔库塞、布洛赫最为显要。马尔库塞以自由、幸福以及否定作为主题，布洛赫则以“希望的比喻”，以未来的期待视阈坚持对当下进行否定批判。他们将马克思主义的乌托邦维度主要运用于文化批判，却同时放弃了经典马克思主义的阶级、暴力革命的模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Utopia has been gaining increasing attention in the contemporary academic world with its unique characteristic that there exist Utopia and anti-Utopia at the same time. This study focuses itself on Utopia, not because it is becoming a hot topic in the academic world, but because Utopia is facing a series of crises while gaining attention. On one hand, Utopia is of great significance to the selection of roads for the human being to liberate itself; on the other hand, it is facing fierce challenges from all kinds of anti-Utopia schools in globalization.Similar to the founding of Christianity Utopia found its origin in the time of Plato, with salvation or liberation as its connection with Christianity. Utopia also shared a relationship of dichotomy with Marxism: on one hand, Marx and Engels did not approve of the Utopian feature of the selection of Utopia, and therefore developed a mode of class revolution for the realization of Utopia; on the other hand, both Marx and Engels sang praises for the epoch-making imagination for the prospect of human liberation, as well as the crucial opposition and criticism to the capitalism system. Counteracting with Marxism Utopia has become the major theme in the socialist revolutionary movement.Ever since the mid 20th century countering to the promotion and development of anti-Utopia, anti-Socialism and anti-Marxism the newly-founded western Marxism started to reconsider Marxism to cope with the various new realistic and theoretical states.Amid the researches and disputes of contemporary Utopia most of those who supported Utopia were western Marxists, among whom, Marcuse and Bloch from the Frankfurt School in the 1950s and 1960s were the most famous scholars. Marcuse took freedom, happiness and opposition as his major theme, while Bloch focused on "The Metaphor of Hope". They both applied the Utopian dimension of Marxism in cultural criticism but gave up the classical mode of classes and violence from Marxism.Since the late 20th century, there have been fewer western theorists who stick to Marxism, and Jameson was one of them.Jameson acquired the motive, the spirit and its major theme by way of Marcuse, Bloch and others, meanwhile developed his own bilateral way and更多还原