【作者】 陈志斌；

【导师】 沈秀瑛；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2001， 博士

【摘要】 为了探讨高产玉米新品种的高产生理基础,寻找高产高效益配套措施组合,为新品种的推广应用提供必要的理论及技术指导,对高产新品种沈单10号、东单7号和营单11号在不同肥力及密度水平下的与产量形成有关的形态及生理变化规律、抗旱及抗衰老性能、综合栽培技术措施进行了研究。主要研究结果如下: 1.各品种拔节10天后的干物质积累量与N、P、K肥料水平均呈显著的正相关,并劚沈单10号拔节10天以后,东单7号灌浆开始以后,营单11号拔节后的干物质积累与产量的正相关显著。提高肥力水平主要是通过增大最大干物质积累速率(沈单10号)、(东单7号)和减慢后期(灌浆开蛤以后)干物质积累速率的下降(营单11号)的途径提高了干物质积累的总量。各品种的不同肥密群体,在灌浆后期均有一个干物质向穗中分配的高峰。灌浆期之前茎中贮藏的干物质多、灌浆期向穗中转移的量大,才能获得理想的产量。 2.叶面积指数在品种间差异显著,其大小顺序为:沈单10号>东单7号>营单11号。叶面积指数主要受密度的影响,各品种灌浆盛期以前各生育时期的叶面积指数与密度的正相关均达到了极显著。沈单10号开花期以后。营单11号灌浆盛期以前,叶面积指数与产量的正相关均达极显著。东单7号各时期叶面积指数与产量的相关均未达到显著。在沈单10号和东单7号的高密度(67.5千株/公顷)水平下,在营单11号的中密度(52.5千株/公顷)水平下,高肥比中肥的叶面积指数大。在高密水平下,高肥对各品种均有延缓叶面积指数下降的作用,尤其是沈单10号,成熟期的叶面积指高达6左右。三个品种不同时期的叶绿素含量的变化趋势一致,单位叶面积的叶绿含量在开花期达到高峰,以后逐渐缓慢下降。叶绿素含量大小顺序为:沈单10号>东单7号>营单11号,同一品种,高肥>低肥。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to inquire into the high yield physiology of new maize hybrids , search the cultivation measures for high-yield and high-benefit, and then provide necessary theory and technique guidance for extension and application of new hybrids, the morphology and physiology of yield formation under different fertility and planting density conditions and the resistance to drought and senescence and the combined cultivation measures for Shendan 10, Dongdan7 and Yingdan11 were studied. The results were as follows:1.The significant positive correlation between dry matter accumulation and fertilizer level of N, P and K was found in each hybrid. There was a significant positive correlation between dry matter accumulation and grain yield at ten days after elongating in Shendan10, after filling in Dongdan7 and after elongating in Yingdan11. If the level of fertilizer was improved, the dry matter yield was improved by increasing the biggest rate of dry matter accumulation in Shendan10 and in Dongdan7, or reducing the decline rate of dry matter accumulation in Yingdanl 1. A peak of dry matter distributing into ear during the filling stage was observed in different of hybrid populations with different levels of fertilizer and planting density, The more dry matter was stored in stems before tilling, and the more it was diverted into ear at filling stage, the grain yield was higher.2.There was a significant difference of LAI between hybrids and the order of LAI among hybrids was ShendanlO > Dongdan7 > Yingdan11. LAI was affected mainly by planting density. A significant positive correlation between LAI and density at every development stage before filling was found in each hybrid There was a very significant correlation between LAI and yield in Shendan10 afterfilling and in YIngdanll before flourishing filling, but the same correlation was not significant in Dongdan7 at every development stage. In high density of populations of ShendanlO and Dongdan7 (67,500plants ? hm2), and in medium-density of populations of Yingdanl 1 (52,5OOplants ? hm2), the LAI was bigger at high-fertilizer level than at medium-fertilizer level. Under high-density condition, high-fertility had an effect on postponing the decline of LAI, especially in ShendanlO;the LAI was 6 or so at mature stage. The changes in chlorophyll contents in three hybrids at different stages were similar. The chlorophyll content per leaf area was the highest at flowering stage, and then decreased slowly The order of chlorophyll content among 3 hybrids was ShendanlO > Dongdan7 > Yingdanl 1, and the high-fertility of populations > low-fertility of populations in the same hybrid3.The correlation was significant between filling rate and yield at beginning and ending of filling stage in ShendanlO, at medium ending of filling stage in Dongdan7 and at medium filling stage in Yingdanl 1. At the same time the filling rates in medium-fertility were higher than low-fertility in three hybrids. If the filling rates were raised and the filling time were prolonged, the grain yield would be increased further more.4.There were different in plant types among three hybrids. The results were that the order of the angles between stem and leaf above the ear was ShendanlO > Yingdanl 1 > Dpngdan7, the leaf area per plant was ShendanlO > Dongdan7 > Yingdanl 1 and the plant height was ShendanlO > Dongdan7~ Yingdanl 1. Under high-fertility condition, the angle between stem and leaf below the ear decreased significantly and the leaf orientation value increased significantly in ShendanlO and Dongdan7. Under high-density population, the angle between stem and leaf under the ear was decreased significantly or almost significantly, and the leaf orientation value increased significantly in three hybrids The interaction of fertility and density resulted into the increasing of the leaf orientation value above ear significantly. With the increase of planting density, the leaf orientation value above the ear increased in three hybrids and this relationship could be indicated by linear equation.5.The light distribution in maize canopy was different with hybrid characteristics. In the same hybrid it was influenced by plant height, density and leaf orientation value. The changes of transmittance on different layer of canopyat different fertility and density conditions obeyed the law of Beer-Lambert and could be expressed as l/l^ae’^’.6.The difference of drought and senescence resistance in three hybrids was obvious. The result of system identification was that the drought resistant hybrid ShendanlO was higher than that of Yingdanll, Dongdan7 was sensitive to drought. The senescence resistant hybrid ShendanlO showed a higher chl. content, larger green leaf area and stronger function of leaves than those in others. It would be benefit to improve drought and senescence resistance by reinforcing N fertilizer, fitting P and K fertilizer and decreasing planting density.7.The mathematic model of four factors and yield was established based on the design of four factors (N, P, K and density) quadric orthogonal regression rotation combinations. With computer simulation and optimization, the optimal agricultural measure combinations were obtained.If the rainfall was deficient, the combinations of N, P, K and planting density were as follows:ShendanlO: N 190—260 kg ? hm"2, P,O5 113 — 140 kg ? hm:, K2O 152 — 2.08 kg ? hm2, Planting density 52500—57500 plants ? hnV2. Dongdan7: N 266—308 kg ? hm2;P,O5 120—150 kg ? hm2, K2O 90—120kg ? hm"2 Planting density 58300—63000 plants ? hm"2. ’ Yingdanll: N 295 — 320 kg ? hm2, P2O5 139—173kg ? hm2, K2O 170 —190kg ? hm2, Planting density 53900—58200 plants ? hm"2. If the rainfall was sufficient, however, the combinations of N, P, K and planting density were as follows:ShendanlO: N 263.4—280.5 kg ? hm"2, P 75.5—87.2 kg ? hm"2, K 92.4-137.4kg ? hm"2, Planting density 52800—53600 plants ? hm"2. Dongdan7: N 168.8—229.1 kg ? hm"2, P 77.0—144.0 kg ? hm2, K 92.4-137.4kg ? hm"2, Planting density 51500 — 51700 plants ? hm"2. Yingdanll: N 191.4—206.3 kg ? hm2, P 41.0 — 90.6 kg ? hm2, K 115.1 — 135.0kg ? hnV2, Planting density 50500 —523 10 plants ? hm 2.更多还原