【作者】 张旭东；

【导师】 陈恩凤； 须湘成；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 土壤学， 1989， 博士

【摘要】 本文选取长期定位培肥试验(10年)棕壤和草甸土中的7个处理,分别为:不施肥、施低量猪粪、施高量猪粪、施NPK化肥、NPK与猪粪配施、NP与猪粪配施和N与猪粪配施,系统研究了各处理土壤中结合态和游离态氨基酸的组成,含量和分布;氨基酸的供N潜力;猪粪和玉米秸秆在不同肥力土壤中分解期间,土壤游离氨基酸含量和分布动态变化以及土壤对氨基酸的吸附与转化。并且分析了它们与土壤肥力的关系。 结果表明土壤连续多年培肥以后,土壤氨基酸状况得到显著改善。作为土壤潜在N源的结合态氨基酸的绝对含量和相对含量都明显提高,土壤游离氨基酸含量也随之提高。施用猪粪培肥的土壤对氨基酸的吸附能力降低,而转化能力提高。单施NPK化肥对氨基酸状况无显著影响,猪粪与化肥配施与等量猪粪单施的效果相近,但平衡施肥的效果略优于非平衡施肥。 土壤培肥以后氨基酸的供N潜力和供N能力都有提高。氨基酸供N潜力的提高表现在氨基酸可碱解量提高,供N能力提高表现在游离氨基酸态N占土壤碱解N的比例增大。 土壤加入有机物料培养时,在短时期内可极显著地促进游离氨基酸含量的增长,其增长幅度与有机物料的加入量有关。 土壤各处理之间氨基酸的分布模式基本一致,而且土壤与猪粪和玉米秸秆之间氨基酸的分布模式也基本一致。说明施肥对土壤蛋白质性质无影响,而且土壤蛋白质与有机物料中蛋白质的性质也很相似。 土壤中游离氨基酸和结合态氨基酸之间的分布规律相差很大,说明游离氨基酸的分布与结合态氨基酸的关系不大,主要受控于土壤微生物的活性及土壤自身的特性。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper deals with the effect of application of pig manure （P.M） and chemical fertilizers on the content and coaposition of total and free amino acids in soils and the dynamics of the con tent and coaposction of free amiono acids dnring the decooposition of pig aanure and corn stalks in soil, Besides ,the N-supplying potential of amino acids in soil was examined.Soil samples were collected from cultivited layers （0-20cm） of seven plots in October 1987.These plots were CK, 0₁, 0₂, NPK, ONPK, ONP and ON of the two long -tera experimental fields and the experiaents were laid out since 1978 on a brown earth （ paleudalf ） and a aeadow soil （udifluvent） belonging Shenyang Agricultural University and Liaoning Acadeay of Agricultural Scienccs respectively. Plots CK, 0₁, 0₂, NPK, ONPK, ONP and ON hase keen recieveing no fertilisers ,P.M in a low level , P. M in a high level ,NPK alone, P.M plus NPK, P.H plus NP. and P.M plus N every year respectively.Total amino acids in soils were hydrolyzed by 6N HCl at 12O’C for 12 hrs , and free amino acids were extracted by basic ethanol .The amino acid released were purified by passingthrough cation exchange resin （H+ type ） and analyzed by 835 Hitachi Amino Acid Analyzer.Results showed that the coapostion of aaino acids in soils of different plots was quits similor.Aspartis acid , glutanic acid , giveine and ataiiine, as the dominant ones , amounted to over 4C% of the total content of 1? kinds of areino acids detected . Histine , cystine and Keihioaine were present ia small amount, and their total content cemprised no score than &H of the total content, The other 10 kinds of aiaino acids made up abaut 50M of the total content of assinc acids .The total amount of amino acids in different plots varied considerably ,ranging frora 11. 02 to 26.77 ^ n>ol N/g soil, which accauiited for 26.78 to 33.10M of total soil N. It （and also the relative content , i.e. anino-acid-N as the percentage of total N） were slightly higher in NPK plots and ouch higher in 0, and 0, plots than in CK plots;and it increased as the increase of amounts of P. M. Application of chenical fertilizers and P. M togecher had the similar effect as adding P.M alcne. The content of each amino acid was also much hightr in the plots wthe P.M than CK. According to the results obtained ,it was observed that the application of P.M could increase significantly the content of aaino-acid-N and promote the the relatively accumulation of N in the form of amino acids in soils .The organic Matter in the soils investigated here derived aainely from the added P.M and the corn stubble remanining in soils, Therefore ,the ami no aicd composition of these organic materials was determined, the similarity constants （ S） and correlation coefficients （r） were calculated ,and the degree of similarity and correlation in amino-acid distribution between soil samples . soil samples and the organic amendments were evaluated .Results revealed that the vlues of s and r were all above o. 9, indicating that the correlations between pairs of samples reached a very signicant level, although .the similarity between soil sasples was higher than that between suil and organic amendments , It is suggested that in the course of huaification , when the protein in pig manure and corn stubble is transformed into the one in organic matter in soil, generally, it say not undergo the process, in which it is decomposed thoroughly and then some microbial proterns are synthersized,Instead.peptide or seme tragaents of protern molecules in these organic amendments enter soil organic matter directly to constitute amino compaunds.The N-supplying potential of amino acids （NSPAA） refers to the quantity of amino-acid-N that disappeared from sail amino acid by hydrolysis wthe IN NaOH at 40*C tor 24 hrs .It was found that about 7.4% amino-acid-N in the soils studced could be decomposed . and the NSFAA ranging from 1.10 to 1.77 uno!/g soil, accounting for Zl.t-ib.iH of the total content of hydrolysable N in soils.The NSPAA of the NPK plot was similar to that of the CK plot , and it could be increased greatly by application of pig manure. It was also revealed that different forms of amino acids detected showed differences in their resistance to hydrolysis .The acidic form of ami no acids that could be decomposed amounted to only 2.5% and or so, however , the percentage of basic fora subject to hydrolysis was over l89tf.The NSPAA of nutrial fora was similar to that of total amino acids .Ike each form of amino acids of P. M bad a sasie characteristic wir,h the corresponding cne of soils in the resistance to hydra lysis .P.usults also showed that the contents of FAAs in CK plots were about 4 |.i mcl NVlOOs seil, and adding NPK alone did nol affect the contents of FAAs ^ wh ill application of pig limiure cculd increase their cefiterits significantiy>which ^culd exceed 7 jJ. ool N/lGOg soil. Application of chemical fertilizers and P. M togecher had similar effects to that of P.M alone . Ths rato of the cc.nteni of FAAs to that ef combined amino acids was relatively stable < G. 24-0. 21H)? but ths rato cf the c oil tent of each kind of FAA to that of acorrespondhig combined amino acid varied markedly , with the lowest registering at 0.07% and the highest 0.78%.The distribution pattern of FAAs in soils of different plots was quite similar. Gluetamic acid was the predominant one.accounting for near 30^ of the total amount of FAAs. Atanine, glycine and phenylalanine came to the next . The totalcontent of above-aentioned FAAs Bade up about one halt of the total content of FAAs.It was observed that there were no significant similarity and correlation in distribution pattern between FAAs and combined aaino acids. ’, Thus , it was beleived that The FAA distribution was not controlled by the combined asino acids , rather , it had much to do with the propties of soil itself > even though the release of aeino acids was rslevent to the combined amino acids , when coabinss aiaino acide were broken down becoming FAAs, which kind of FAAs could persist more than others , v<as deternined hy the colloidal nature and the biological activities of soils.Amounts of FAAs increased markedly when soils were incubated with pig Bsanure and corn stalk in lab. a releasing peak of FAAs was found at sixth week , at that tisae the contents of FAAs could reach 23 |A laol N/lCQt? soil .When soils;were inenbatsi without organic materials , the asounts of FAAs decreased sharply .It was also found that e, great variation existed in the composition of FAAs , and the content of GLU could amount to more than 40.96 of that of total FAAs during the incubation, which would be a result of changes taking place in the micrcbial activities of soils.In this paper , the adsorption and transformation of a mixture of n amino acids in difftrent soils were studied .The adsorption was conducted by inhibiting activities of soil aicrobial ,and the transformation was investagated in the condition of no inhibition .In order to simulate the adsorption of amino acids , twodynamic equations were used.one is the Elovich equation:q=（l/^ ）ln（ a p ）+（l/p ）lntwhere q is the adsorptive amounts , a the primary rate of adsorption , p a constant related to the adsorptive rate /and t lime of adsorption .The other is a empirical equationstr = k+atWhere C is the equilibrium concentration of aaino acids , a the ultimate coacenlration ,k a constant related to the adsurptive rate , and t time of adsorption .Based on the parameters obtained from the two equations and the results determined from the experiaent , it was observed that the soils studied had a liigh capacity to adsorb aaino acids ,however, the soils in different plots showed differences in their characleristic of adsorption to amino acids . The adsorptive capacity in the soils without amendments was relatively higher than that with amandments .and the former had a lower primary rate and a higher average rate of adsorption than the latter., i.e , the adsorplive rate in the soils with amendments dropped faster than that in the soils without amendments .The different kinds of amino acids had the different adsorptive capacities on soils .which had such to do with the isoelectric point （pl）of amino acids.Tkt greater the differences between pi and pH in equilibrium solutions , the more -the adsorptive capacity of amino acids was .The adsorption order of the different forms of amino acids were: * j$basic > acidic > autrial =S-containing fora The transforaation rate of aaiiio acids was very fast, when a ■ixture of aaino acids was added to the soils only for 3 hours, about 15jtt of aaino acids disappeared from the solution , after 12 hours,the disappearing pencentage was over 25%> and nearly all of the added aaino acids disappeared by the end of 72 hours . The transformation rate in the soils aaended was higher then that in the soils witheout aaendaents .In the middle stage of culture , the aaounts of adsorption was more than that of transformation , which would be due to the interference of the products from degraded amino acids .更多还原