【作者】 付和平；

【导师】 武晓东； 韩国栋；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 本研究是在对阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物区系和种类分布特征进行全面调查的基础上,于2002~2004年在该荒漠区选择具有代表性的开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4种不同类型的干扰区,采用标志重捕法和铗日法在1 hm~2、10 hm~2、40 hm~2三个主要空间尺度上对4种不同干扰下的啮齿动物群落生态位特征、群落格局与动态、动植物群落相互关系、动物群落与气候因子关系、优势种群敏感性反应等进行多尺度定性和定量研究,并对干扰与群落组成种之间的对应关系进行了对比分析;在5个空间尺度上,应用分形理论、小波分析等非线性方法对荒漠啮齿动物群落进行研究,明确野外取样尺度,进而提出“表征尺度”(manifestation scale)的概念;本文还对不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局—过程—尺度进行了分析,明确荒漠生态系统在生境破碎化过程中,不同干扰条件下啮齿动物群落在不同的空间尺度上生态过程的变动特征。结果表明:(1)阿拉善荒漠区计有啮齿动物2目6科,共24种,占内蒙古已记录种数的44.4%,特别是跳鼠科动物占现有种数的87.5%,是内蒙古跳鼠科动物的集中分布区。啮齿动物的分布分为3个基本类型,9个分布型,耐旱型是该地区的主体。(2)通过3种生态位宽度指数和3种生态位重叠指数的分析比较,认为Shannon-Wiener Index更适宜于荒漠啮齿动物空间生态位宽度的测度,Pianka Index更适合于荒漠区啮齿动物的空间生态位重叠测度。(3)不同干扰维不同季节荒漠啮齿动物均存在生态位高度重叠的种类,其中17个种对的生态位重叠指数均大于0.9,甚至达到了1,出现完全重叠,本文研究结果支持“多个物种可占有同一生态位”的观点。(4)在两个观察尺度上(1 hm~2和40 hm~2),不同干扰条件下,动物群落变量与植物群落变量的典型相关分析,表现为动物群落变量与草本关系最为突出,动物群落变量与草本的盖度和地上生物量呈负相关关系。(5)在两个观察尺度上,不同干扰条件下,旬降雨量、月极端温度、旬气温均对啮齿动物产生不同程度的影响。(6)对荒漠啮齿动物群落的均匀性特征进行了分形分析,基于对取样尺度的划分,提出“表征尺度”(manifestation scale)的概念。不同干扰条件下,荒漠啮齿动物群落均匀性在不同取样尺度下的分形维数不同,开垦干扰和禁牧干扰的分形维数分别为0.6603和0.8125时,群落均匀性测度值更接近分形维数。4种不同干扰的表征尺度分别为:开垦干扰,30 hm~2;禁牧干扰,30 hm~2;轮牧干扰和过牧干扰均大于40 hm~2。在表征尺度下群落的多样性特征值更具合理性。(7)啮齿动物群落多样性指数小波分析对不同干扰的取样尺度提供了合理的验证。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on overall investigation upon fauna and species distribution characteristics of rodents in Alashan Desert, the four kinds of study areas under different human disturbance were selected in typical region in Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from 2002 to 2004, i.e. farmland, rotational grazing, over-grazing and forbidden grazing areas.The rodent communities in the four kinds of study areas were investigated by using trap-day and mark-recapture methods on three principal scales: 1hm~2, 10hm~2 and 40hm~2. The data on the above-mentioned scales was analyzed on composition pattern and dynamics, characteristics of diversity and evenness, similarity, niche characteristics, the correspondence between rodent species and disturbance, the correspondence between rodent species and scale, the relationship between rodent species and habitat, the relationship between rodent communities and climate factors, the sensitive response of dominant populations.At the same time, the rodent communities were studied by fractal analysis and wavelet analysis on five spatial scales. Based on, which, the sampling reasonable scales in four different disturbances areas were defined, and then the concept of“manifestation scale”was advanced. In addition, in this paper, the pattern-process-scale of rodent communities in different disturbances was analyzed, and then the characteristic of ecological process of rodent communities was definite under different disturbances in during the course of desert ecosystem fragmented. The results are as follows:(1) The rodents in Alashan Desert belong to 2 orders, 6 families and 24 species, and were as 44.4% to all of recorded rodents in Inner Mongolia. Especially, the rodents of Dipodidae in the region were as 87.5% to those of Inner Mongolia, and the region is the concentrate region of rodents of Dipodidae distributed in Inner Mongolia. The rodents also belong to 9 distribution patterns of 3 types. The arido-tolerent distribution pattern was the principal part in the region.(2) Comparing to three methods of measuring niche breadth indices, Shannon-Wiener Index was more suitable to measure niche breadth of desert rodents than others. Compared to three different measuring methods of the niche overlap indices by Principal Component Analysis, Pianka Index was more applicable to measure the niche overlap of desert rodents than others.(3) The niches were highly overlap that the desert rodents under different disturbances in different season. The Pianka niche overlap indices of 17 species-paired were highest and varied from 0.9 to 1.0, and even reached 1 that was overlap completely. The results about it in this paper support the viewpoint that many species could occupy the same niche.更多还原