【作者】 谭必友；

【导师】 杨建新；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 民族学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 湘西苗疆在1795年之前曾长期被政府视为“化外”之地。土著各民族与外界之间也一直处于“冲突与合作”的关系之中。1796年之后,以傅鼐为首的流官群体以湘西苗民起义善后治理为契机,推动了苗疆社区的近代重构运动。这个运动以民族关系与人地关系等两大关系的重建为切入点,以“和平共居”为目标。这两个关系是既相互区别又相互联系的问题。民族关系不解决,社会就无法安宁,所有的社会理想都将因为扰攘不安的社会环境而成为空中楼阁。人地关系不解决,社区中不断积压的剩余劳动力成为社会稳定的隐患,而作为文化强势的汉族与土家族为缓解社区中的人地关系压力,必然会不断侵蚀苗族人的生存空间,从而加剧民族冲突。这是湘西苗疆长期以来与外界之间无法摆脱的“冲突与合作”关系的历史宿命。流官群体按照“民苗为二以相安”的基本原则,把各民族生存的地域空间法制化,为“和平共居”创造了一个基本的物质环境。 在重建这两大关系的过程中,地方政府在各民族社区创新了一系列社会管理措施。伴随着政府新政策地深入推行,苗疆乡村社区中逐渐产生两个新兴阶层,一是“半职业化管理阶层”,他们是苗弁、苗兵,总旗、百总,屯长、仓书、斗级等基层管理人员;一是知识分子阶层。这两个阶层的成长改变了苗疆传统的社会阶层结构,导致了苗疆新兴的社会流动模式和文化发展方向。首先,传统上社区内部以经济为标志的社会分层,转变为以政治、文化为标志的社会分层。社区精英向社区传统权力流动的模式转变为向半职业化管理阶层流动的新模式。其次,乡村社区权力结构由传统的二元模式(官——民,或国家权力——社区传统权力),转变为三元结构模式(国家权力——村社区自治权——社区传统权力)。半职业化管理阶层和知识分子阶层是我们深入理解苗疆社区近代重构的关键之点。 为了将初期的改革成果长久保持下去,也是流官群体对初期改革有了全新的认识。他们在均屯田的基础上创建了中国历史上第一个具有近代形态的地方财政体系,并创建了第一套由地方财政全面支持的地方社会公共事业与地方社会保障事业。为了经营150000亩屯田,地方政府成立了屯防总局,总局直接归属辰沅永靖兵备道管辖。这个组织主要通过经营土地为地方获得收入,类似于当代的一个地方集体企业。这既是传统管理思想的继续,也是一次创新。而建立普遍的地方义务教育体系,以培养大量合格的地方管理与教育人才为办学目标,也革新了传统的教育模式。其他各项社会保障措施、社区宗教建设方案的长期坚持,都显示了流官群体对传统思想的发扬光大和积极的创新精神。 通过以上种种改革,苗疆多民族社区获得了自己的近代新生命。终于摆脱了其与外界之间延续了上千年的“冲突与合作”的历史宿命,各民族走上了一条“和平共居”的社区发展新路。这是值得深入研究的一段“社区重构”历程。在当代世界,由于文化的多元自觉、科技发展的不可预期与经济发展严重失衡等三大特点所构成的社会矛盾运动,将人类再一次推到一个岔路口时,深入检讨苗疆多民族社区的近代重构经验,对我们今天作出正确的抉择,是一件极有意义的研究工作。更多还原

【Abstract】 Before 1795, Miaojiang of Hunan western community was considered as an "original territory " by the government. Each Miaojiang native was always developing a conflicting-while-cooperative relationship with other nations in this territory. In 1795, there arose a rebellion of Miao nationality. And the local officials regarded it as one reform opportunity in 1796, through which Miaojiang community was on the way to modern reconstruction. With the aim to construct a community of peaceful living, they mainly took on two reforms in national relation and human-land relation. These two kinds of relations were closely connected with, as well as differentiated from each other. If the former one couldn’t be peacefully settled, the whole society would be thrown into turbulence, and no ideals of the whole society could be realized;meanwhile if the latter relation couldn’t be settled, the surplus labor forces in Miaojiang community, who would nibble the land of the Miao nationality like a silkworm, would become a hidden trouble, resulting in the worsening conflict. It was the fate of the Miaojiang community. With the principle of "Miao and Other Nations Living in Peace", local officials created a legalized community as well as a surrounding of peaceful living.In the course of reconstructing these two kinds of relations, the local government innovated many social management measures in the communities of different nations. Local officials carried out new policies. And in Miaojiang of Hunan western community, there appeared two new social strata gradually: one was the stratum with" half professional management", who was the lower administrative faculties and included Miao officials, Miao soldiers, Zongqi, Baizong, Tunzhang and Storehouse manager;the other was the intellectual stratum. In Miaojiang community of the west of Hunan, this alteration in social strata resulted in a new pattern of social changes and cultural development. Firstly, the original social strata based on economy had been changed into those based on politics and cultures. The elites in Miaojiang community didn’t confine to the traditional administrative power any longer;instead they tended more to those with" half professionalism management". Secondly, the power pattern had changed from the original "officials—civilians" or "national—traditional community" pattern to "national—village autonomy—traditional community" one. The stratum with" half professional management "and the intellectual stratum were keys for us to go into deep study about Miaojiang community reconstruction.Facing reform, to protect reform accomplishments, government officials developed a new understanding about the new policy they had established. To distribute lands on average was the basis of local reform. In Chinese history, they have firstly founded a modern local financial system and a set of local public and security courses aided by local finances. To manage a farm of 150,000 Mu, the local government set up a special organization. Just like an incorporation, it got income from the land. But this organization belonged to government, which was an innovation of the traditional management. They also established a system of compulsory education, with the goal of educating plenty of qualified administrative workers and local teachers, resulting in the innovation of traditional educational patterns.For a very long period, they had been still carrying out other policies of social security, and even religious policies, all of which indicated the innovative spirits of the local officials.Through the reform measures above, Miaojiang community took on a new life. From then on, they have gotten rid of the conflicting-while-cooperative relationship with other nations, and lived in harmony with them, which is a worthwhile research project. Nowadays, there arise many new phenomena: the culture tends to be multiple;the technological development tends to be unpredictable;and the economic growth is unbalanced, etc. The contradictories that result from these three phenomena are trials to mankind. It is worthwhile for us to undertake the research on reconstructing modern national communities of 1795—1911.更多还原