【作者】 彭柏林；

【导师】 姚新中； 舒远招；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 伦理学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 道德需要是伦理学中的一个重要范畴,对道德需要进行研究,既具有重要的理论意义,也具有重要的现实意义。 所谓道德需要,是指作为道德主体的人在维持其积极平衡或内稳状态过程中所产生的对道德的依赖性和倾向性,具有超功利性、交往性、自律性和历时性等特点。道德需要的功能主要表现在:(1)它是人的需要系统的调控阀;(2)它是人的道德活动发生的主体动力;(3)它是人的道德积极性的内在源泉。 道德需要的根据问题,即指“人为什么要有道德”的问题。这个问题只有从人存在的二重性出发才能得到科学的阐述。人既是个体存在物,又是社会存在物,这是由个人和社会的必然关系所决定的。人存在的这种二重性决定了人的需要或利益具有个体性和整体性的双重特点。这种双重特点在现实生活中集中表现为个人利益和社会共同利益的对立与统一。个人利益和社会共同利益的这种既对立又统一的关系决定了道德于人类生活是绝对必要的。道德就是适应处理个人利益和社会共同利益的关系这一人类社会生活的必然要求而产生的。 “物类之起,必有所始”,道德需要也是如此。对道德需要的发生可以从属系和个体两个视角进行考察。 从属系的视角来看,人类祖先的“社会性”本能是道德需要发生的生理前提;原始初民在与自然抗争过程中所产生的对自然界的恐惧感以及在此基础上所产生的对社会共同体的归属感和敬畏感是道德需要发生的心理动因;生产劳动是道德需要发生的社会基础和决定因素。 从个体视角来看,道德需要的发生既是必然的,也是可能的,这不仅是由道德必然性及其表现形式——道德原则和规范的性质所决定的,而且也是由个体作为社会存在物的规定性所决定的。道德需要个体发生的心理机制是道德主体的自我意识,它一般由“我是什么”、“我应当成为什么"和“我必须成为什么”三个逻更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of moral need is a very important category in ethics, the study of which is of theoretical and practical significance.The so-called moral need can be defined as a dependence on and tendency toward morality by which humans as moral subjects seek to maintain their internal state steady and keep an active balance. The moral need is distinguished by such characteristics as super-utility, association, autonomy and historicity, etc. The main functions of the moral need include (1) regulating people’s need-system;( 2 ) motivating people’s moral activities;(3) providing an internal enthusiasm for moral action.The foundation of the moral needs lies in the necessity of morality. This question can only be scientifically solved through the dual existence of human beings. Humans do not exist solely as individuals, but also are social animals, determined by the inevitable interrelationship between individuals and society. This dual existence determines that the needs or benefits of humans have a dual characteristics, namely, they are both individual and collective. This dual characteristic in actual life is primarily manifested as the opposition and unification between personal interests and social interests. The opposition and unification determines the necessity of morality for human life. Morality necessarily comes into being in order to cope with the complicated relationship between personal interests and social interests."There must be a beginning for everything ", and the moral need is no exception. The occurrence of the moral needs may be viewed from the viewpoint of humans as a species and as individuals.From the angle of humans as a species, The biological premise ofthe occurrence of the moral needs is an social instinct passed downfrom our ancestors of human;the psychological grounds of which isthe feeling of affiliation and awe resulting from the derivation of fearproduced in their fear struggles in nature when our ancestors chose communal living;the social basis and determining factor of which is the labor.From the point of view of humans as individuals, the existence of the moral needs is of necessity and possibility, which is determined by the character of the moral necessity and its form of expression-the moral principles and norms as well as the prescription of individuals as social existence. The self-consciousness is the psychological mechanism of the occurrence of the individual moral needs. Logically speaking, the self-consciousness is composed of the three links: "what am I", "what should I become" and "what must I become". The occurrence of the individual moral needs is realized through a series of concrete ways, mainly including observational learning, schematic processing, role playing, identification and self-intensification. It is also influenced by some external factors and the inner factors. The external factors mainly consist of the economic, political, cultural and moral circumstances. The inner factors mainly include the wisdom, the psychological quality and the self-consciousness of individual. To reach the ultimate realm where one just follows what one’s heart desires without overstepping any moral boundaries, the generation and development of individual moral needs will in general have to go through three stages, namely, the heteronomy, the autonomy and the freedom.The occurrence of the individual moral needs cannot be separated from the moral development. In essence, the development of the individual moral needs is to enable the individual to revere virtue. The methodological demands of which may include combining heteronomy with autonomy, instillation with acceptance and generality with individuality. The main ways to develop the individual moral needs may include environmental optimizing, legal support, educational instillation and moral autonomy.更多还原