【作者】 黄海鸿；

【导师】 刘光复；

【作者基本信息】 合肥工业大学 ， 机械电子工程， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 绿色设计是一种着重考虑产品全生命周期环境属性的设计。在资源短缺严重、生态环境日益恶化的今天,绿色设计越来越受到人们的重视。但绿色设计理论与方法研究一直徘徊在定性分析阶段,阻碍了绿色设计的实施与应用。本文在定量化分析产品全生命周期环境影响的基础上,提出了环境意识设计改进的概念,通过基于环境价值分析的定量化方法改进产品的设计方案,降低产品的生命周期环境影响,提高绿色设计的可操作性。 环境意识设计改进作为绿色设计的重要组成内容,以环境属性作为设计目标,在设计改进阶段对产品的设计方案进行分析与改进,是实施绿色设计的重要手段。在描述绿色设计目标与设计过程的基础上,建立了基于环境意识的设计改进过程模型;分析了环境意识设计改进的目标与信息需求,建立了集成产品模型;分析了两种环境影响定量化评估方法:分值评价与终值评价,分值评价是一种中间值评价方法,终值评价是一种终点值评价方法;文中采用Eco-Indicator’99方法进行终值评价,评价结果称之为生态指数,从而为环境意识设计改进中的环境影响定量化分析提供支持。 在价值分析的基础上,提出了环境价值分析这一系统化分析方法,对产品设计方案进行环境影响分析与环境价值评估;从功能结构映射、基于功能单元的环境影响评价、环境价值评估与计算、功能分析与改进等四个过程阐述了环境价值分析方法;环境价值分析能够寻找环境意识设计改进的改进目标,进行改进目标识别,并且这种目标识别是多层次的,既包括功能单元级别,又包括更深入的功能单元的生命周期作业单元级别。环境价值分析的分析过程是定量化的,但对改进目标的设计改进策略生成是定性的。 为了更进一步地定量化分析设计改进策略,对环境意识设计改进的两个重要内容:材料选择与面向回收的设计改进进行了研究。给出了环境意识设计改进中的材料选择原则,分析了基于环境意识的材料选择过程;结合结构的性能约束,提出了材料的环境效能因子概念;建立了材料选择的多目标决策模型,对环境意识材料选择的两个目标——成本与环境影响进行了定量化分析,并给出了多目标决策模型的求解算法。研究了产品生命周期中回收问题的一般性原理;建立了面向回收设计改进的五个基本准则:寿命分析准则、材料相容性准则、回收经济性准则、环境影响准则、物理功能交互约束准则,并对每个准则进行了定量化分析;基于模块化设计方法进行设计改进,在建立零件关系模糊矩阵的基础上,采用传递闭包法进行模块划分与零件分簇,并基于多个准则的模块划分求解结果生成设计改进方案。 论文最后建立了绿色设计与环境意识设计改进方案的决策与评估框架;针对绿色设计决策需求,基于TOPSIS方法提出了新的改进方法——效用贴近度方法,采用效用函数对指标数据进行归一化处理,建立优化模型求解指标权重以提高决策与评估过程的客观性,实现对环境意识设计改进方案的评估与优选。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is a global tendency for manufacturers to be concerned about the environment, which leads to the appearance of Green Design (GD). Green Design, also known as Sustainable Design, Design for Environment (DfE), or Environmental Conscious Design (ECD), aims to yield a product whose aggregate environmental impact is as small as possible. The research on theory and method of GD mostly focused on the qualitative analysis of environmental issue, which goes against the implementation and application of GD. This Dissertation presents the concept of Environmentally Conscious Design Improvement (ECDI) resorting to the quantitative analysis of product lifecycle environmental impact based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method Eco-Indicator’99, and characterizes the systematic Environmental Value Analysis (EVA) method identifying the weak spot of original design scheme, further describes the specific improvement method for material selection and product recycling to consummate the weak spot.As one of the most important parts of GD, ECDI takes the environmental performance of product as one of the most significant design objectives. The detailed environmental design objectives and processes of the ECDI are described, and the ECDI process model is established. The integrating product model is presented based on the analysis of the information requirements of ECDI. Two methods of lifecycle environmental impact assessment, middle-point assessment and end-point assessment, are analyzed. The Eco-Indicator’99 method, known as a damage oriented method for life cycle impact assessment, is adopted as the end-point method.A systematic design improvement method called Environmental Value Analysis (EVA) is introduced, since this dissertation focuses on how to improve the product design with the quantitative analysis to minimize environmental impact of the product. EVA method pursues the feasible improvement strategies based on the former design scheme. The concept, objective, and application in the design process of Environmental Value Analysis were described. Firstly, transform the product structure system into function system through the Function-Structure mapping. Secondly, calculate the lifecycle environmental impact based on the function system. Thirdly, evaluate the environmental value. Finally, execute function analysis and improve the product design through retransforming the function system into improved structure system. The case study of reading lamp illuminates the application of the EVA method. EVA can be used to search the weak spots in the design and identify the targets of design improvement at two design levels, product function unit level and lifecycle task unit level of the function unit.Although the analysis process of EVA is quantitative, the identification of design improvementstrategies for the improvement targets is qualitative. To analyze the design improvement strategies quantitatively, environmentally conscious material selection problem and redesign improvement and optimization for recycling as the two important parts of ECDI, are discussed especially.The principles for material selection in ECDI are given, and the process of environmentally conscious material selection is analyzed. The concept of Environmental Performance Index (EPI) of structure integrating the traditional performance constraint is presented based on the Performance Index (PI) presented by M.F. Ashby. EPI is semi-quantitative. Ulteriorly, the multi-objective decision-making model is established based on the analysis of the objectives and restriction conditions of the material selection problem, which takes material lifecycle cost (C) and lifecycle environmental impact (El) as the two quantitative objective variables. The Possible Solutions Search Algorithm (PSSA) and TOPSIS method are used to solve the problem.Based on the analysis of the product recycling problem, five basic rules of design improvement for recycling are presented and quantified, including the lifecycle analysis, materials compatibility, recycling profit, environmental impact of recycling, and structural and physical interaction analysis. Modular Analysis (MA) is adopted to deduce the improvement strategies. Firstly, the problem of module forming for recycling is described. Secondly, Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm (FCA) is adopted to form the components cluster based on the fuzzy relation matrix that is established to denote the fuzzy relation between the parts according to one or several of the above five rules. Thirdly, the redesign improvement strategies are analyzed based on the different modular analysis results. An example of air-conditioner is demonstrated to illustrate such method.GD should reduce the product lifecycle environmental impact without compromising of other product performance such as lifecycle cost, quality, efficiency, manufacturability etc. Therefore there exist many complicated multi-objective and multi-criteria decision making problems to select the optimal redesign solution from the candidate design improvement schemes in the ECDI process. The framework to illustrate these problems is presented. Based on TOPSIS, the modified new method called Utility Similarity is demonstrated to solve the decision-making problems. The Utility Similarity method incorporates the non-linear normalization different from the commonly used linear method, and establishes optimization model to calculate the weight to make the decision-making process more objective.更多还原